Table 1 BMI (or weight), smoking status, and vitamin C intake of participants involved in studies included in the meta-analysis
| Â | Â | Â | Measured Vitamin C intake (mg/d) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Study | BMI/Weight (kg) | Smoking Status | DR/WR/FR | FFQ |
1. Bingham et al., 1995 [12] | NR | NR | 87 (56) | 122 (53) |
Taken from 1994 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
2. Block et al., 2001 [33] | Wt = 82.6 (11.0) | non-smoker | NR | NR |
3. Boeing et al., 1997 [34] | NR | adjusted for smoking | NR | NR |
4. Bolton-Smith et al., 1991 [28] | Â | non-smoker | Â | Â |
both gender | 25.8 (3.2) | Â | Â | 61.1 (24.8) |
5. Chiplonkar et al., 2002 [35] | Â | NR | NR | NR |
Men | BMI = 20.8 (3.3) | Â | Â | Â |
Women | BMI = 20.8 (3.9) | Â | Â | Â |
6. Costa de Carvalho et al., 1996 [36] | Â | NR | Â | Â |
Men | BMI = 24.8 (3.5) | Â | 88 (79) | Â |
Women | BMI = 22.4 (3.4) | Â | 83 (77) | Â |
7. Cooney et al., 1995 [37] | NR | Non-smoker | NR | NR |
8. Drewnowski et al., 1997 [15] | Â | NR | NR | NR |
Men | BMI = 24.4 | Â | Â | Â |
Women | BMI = 22.6 | Â | Â | Â |
9. EPIC group of Spain, 1997 [38] | Â | Â | Â | DH |
Men | NR | NR | 100.9 (50.1) | 116.4 (86) |
Women | Â | Â | 110.8 (57) | 121.9 (72.3) |
10. Faruque et al., 1995 [39] | Â | Â | Â | Â |
both gender | 20.0 (0.4) | Non-smoker | 83.4 (7.5) | ------ |
11. Hudiburgh et al., 1979 [40] | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Women | NR | NR | 140 (148) | ------ |
12. Jacques et al., 1993 [41] | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Men | NR | NR | ------ | 256 (154) |
Women | Â | Â | Â | 221 (154) |
13. Katsouyanni et al., 1997 [42] | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Men | Â | non-smoker | 170.3 (59.1) | 304.8 (145.5) |
Women | Â | Â | 145.7 (44.7) | 327.5 (170.1) |
14. Lori et al., 1998 [43] | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Men | Â | Â | 73.1 | Â |
Women | Â | Â | 75.2 | Â |
15. Malekshah et al., 2006 [44] | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Men | 24.0 (3.9) | NR | 45 (21) | 89 (54) |
Women | 26.5 (5.8) | Â | 37 (24) | 69 (42) |
16. McKeowen et al., 2001 [45] | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Men | 27 (3) | NR | 77 (34) | 111 (41) |
Women | 25 (4) | Â | 95 (48) | 132 (65) |
17. Palli et al., 1999 [46] | * | adjusted for smoking | Â | Â |
Men | Â | Â | ------ | 92.7 (2.0) |
Women | Â | Â | Â | 95.4 (2.2) |
18. Porrini et al., 1995 [47] | 21.1 (2.7) | Non-smoker | Â | Â |
both gender | Â | Â | 86.4 (39.7) | 108.7 (49.2) |
19. Riemersma et al., 2000 [48] | 26.1 (0.3) | adjusted for smoking | ------ | 54.8 (1.8) |
20. Rousseau et al. 2004 [49] | 2.4 (2.5) | Non-smoker | ------ | Â |
21. Schroder et al., 2001 [50] | Â | Â | Â | Â |
both gender | 22.4 (2.9) | 8% smoker | 105 (100) | 267 (182) |
22. Simon et al., 2001 [2] | 25.5–26.6 | Adjusted | ------ |  |
23. Sinha et al., 1992 [51] | Wt = 80.9 (1.34) kg | Non-smoker | ------ | 155 (11.0) |
24. Tusgane et al., 1998 [52] | Â | Adjusted for smoking | Â | 55.7 |
25. Wright et al., 1995 [53] | Normal population | Smoker and non-smoker | Â | Â |
Men | Â | Â | 66 (5) | Â |
Women | Â | Â | 72 (5) | Â |