| |
Age- & gender-adjusted 1
|
Multivariate-adjusted 2
|
|---|
| |
Geometric mean (95% CI)
|
|---|
|
Tobacco consumption
| | |
|
Non/ex-smokers (n = 314)
|
18.0 (16.9–19.1)
|
17.4 (16.3–18.6)
|
|
Current smokers (n = 165)
|
16.0 (14.7–17.4)3
|
16.2 (14.9–17.7)
|
|
<10 cigs/day (n = 52)
|
17.7 (15.3–20.5)
|
16.5 (14.1–19.4)
|
|
10–19 cigs/day (n = 36)
|
15.0 (12.6–17.9)
|
14.7 (12.2–17.8)
|
|
≥20 cigs/day (n = 76)
|
14.6 (12.9–16.5)4
|
14.9 (12.9–17.2)
|
|
Coffee consumption
| | |
|
None (n = 102)
|
18.2 (16.4–20.2)
|
17.9 (16.2–19.8)
|
|
≤200 g/day (n = 195)
|
16.9 (15.7–18.2)
|
17.2 (16.0–18.5)
|
|
>200 g/day (n = 86)
|
15.5 (13.8–17.3)5
|
15.6 (14.0–17.4)
|
|
Alcohol consumption
| | |
|
None (n = 293)
|
17.0 (16.0–18.1)
|
17.0 (16.0–18.0)
|
|
≤180 g/day (n = 43)
|
16.0 (13.6–18.9)
|
16.1 (13.8–18.9)
|
|
>180 g/day (n = 47)
|
16.8 (14.4–19.7)
|
18.2 (15.6–21.2)
|
-
1 ANCOVA, controlling for age and gender.
-
2 ANCOVA, controlling for age, gender, district of residence, total energy intake, intakes of MUFA, fibre, calcium, magnesium, folate, vitamins A, E, C, B1, B6 (all log transformed).
-
4 Non/ex-smokers had significantly higher serum folate concentrations than current smokers (p = 0.029).
-
5 p = 0.047, linear trend by level of tobacco consumption.
-
6 p = 0.035, linear trend by level of coffee consumption.
