Reported food intake and distribution of body fat: a repeated cross-sectional study

Nutrition Journal

Table 3 Food items associated with largest estimated effect on mean waist- and hip-circumference in women.

			Estimated effect on mean waist circumference				Estimated effect on mean hip circumference				Combined¹
Women	Difference in mean intake 1986–99		Model 2³		Model 2³		Model 1²		Model 2³		1²	2³
Food item ³	/mo⁴	/'86 ⁵	mm⁶	p⁷	mm⁶	p⁷	mm⁶	p⁷	mm⁶	p⁷	mm⁶	mm⁶
beer, 4% alcohol	0.6	153%	-1.10	0.60	-0.92	0.83	-0.68	0.59	-1.24	0.36	0.42	-0.32
bread, crisp	-13.4	-27%	-0.31	0.21	-0.37	0.26	0.06	0.65	-0.09	0.64	0.37	0.28
cream/crème frβiche/sour cream	1.4	40%	-1.27	0.26	-0.94	0.32	1.38	0.01	0.99	0.09	2.65	1.93
fruit soups/fruit creams	-1.3	-36%	-3.24	0.01	-3.13	0.02	-0.07	0.58	-0.25	0.67	3.17	2.88
hamburger	0.8	73%	3.21	0.07	2.94	0.13	-0.66	0.47	-0.41	0.67	-3.87	-3.34
milk, 1.5% fat	18.0	331%	-1.11	0.02	-0.76	0.03	1.24	0.48	0.98	0.45	2.35	1.75
milk, 3% fat	-21.8	-84%	-1.47	0.25	-0.75	0.38	-0.05	0.44	-0.74	0.55	1.42	0.01
oil, cooking	8.7	693%	-6.18	<.01	-4.86	<.01	1.35	0.40	0.23	0.75	7.53	5.09
oil, dressing	3.3	210%	-2.54	0.07	-1.96	0.17	0.50	0.73	0.03	0.79	3.04	1.99
pasta	4.2	132%	-2.21	0.25	-1.47	0.45	2.14	0.09	1.61	0.15	4.35	3.09
potato chips/popcorn/salted nuts	1.5	188%	-0.78	0.44	-0.24	0.45	1.15	0.59	1.14	0.53	1.94	1.38
potatoes, French fried	0.9	95%	2.11	0.14	1.90	0.13	-0.42	0.05	0.04	0.13	-2.52	-1.86
soft drinks	1.9	93%	2.11	0.19	2.00	0.23	0.31	0.91	0.57	0.77	-1.81	-1.43
sugar/honey in tea/coffee	-10.4	-36%	-0.30	0.39	0.02	0.41	0.13	0.68	-0.05	0.83	0.44	-0.08
wine	0.7	65%	-1.03	0.05	-0.83	0.08	1.08	0.15	1.67	0.22	2.11	2.51

¹Estimate of total effect on diabetes risk: Differences in mean hip-circumferences (negatively associated with DM) – Differences in mean waist-circumferences (positively associated with DM)
²Model 1: regression of change in mean reported food frequency on waist/hip circumference adjusted for BMI, age and survey-year.
³ Model 2: all variables are adjusted for BMI, age, survey-year, smoking-status (never/ex-/current), level of reported physical activity (lower/higher), educational level (primary school/secondary school/college), level of reported alcohol (quartiles) intake as well as interaction between smoking and low physical activity, smoking and high alcohol intake, low physical activity and high alcohol intake.
⁴ number of reported intakes per month
⁵ relative changes in % of mean reported intake 1986
⁶ estimated net effects of trends in reported intakes on mean waist/hip circumference.
⁷ probabilities that partial regression coefficients for different levels of intake are equal to zero at 95% level

ISSN: 1475-2891