Table 2 Relationship between urinary lithogen factors, types of renal calculi and dietary recommendations
Urinary Lithogen Factor | Values of potentially lithogenic urinary biochemical parameters | Type of renal calculi | Dietary recommendations |
|---|---|---|---|
pH | < 5.5 | COM u UA COM/UA CYS | Decrease habitual consumption of: • Animal protein Increase habitual consumption of: • Citrus juices • Soft-drinks • Citric acid rich beverages |
pH | > 6.0 | COM p COM u COD HAP COD/HAP BRU | Decrease habitual consumption of: • Vegetarian diet • Citrus juices • Soft-drinks • Citric acid rich beverages |
Calcium | >170 mg/L female: >250 mg/24 h male: >300 mg/24 h | COD HAP COD/HAP | Increase habitual consumption of: • Water intake (> 2 l/day) Decrease habitual consumption of: • Sodium • Animal protein Control: • Vitamin D consumption • Calcium supplements |
Oxalate | > 40 mg/24 h | COM p COM u | Decrease habitual consumption of: • Oxalate rich foods (see Table 4) • Ascorbic acid rich foods (vitamin C intake greater than 2 g/day) |
Citrate | < 350 mg/24 h | COM p COM u COD HAP COD/HAP | Increase habitual consumption of: • Citrate rich foods • Citric acid rich beverages |
Phytate | < 1 mg/24 h | COM p COM u COD BRU | Increase habitual consumption of: • Phytate rich foods (see Table 3) |
Urate | > 650 mg/ml female: > 600 mg/24 h male: > 800 mg/24 h | UA COM/UA | Decrease habitual consumption of: • Purine rich foods (see Table 5) • Alcoholic drinks |