Table 6 Studies of Carotenoids and Lung Cancer.
From: Nutrition and cancer: A review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet
Reference | Study | # Cases | # Controls | Outcomes | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[228] | Hawaiian cohort | 332 | 865 | Dose-dependent inverse associations for dietary β-carotene, α-carotene, lutein; Subjects with highest intake of all 3 had the lowest risk | Previous study showed variety of vegetables more protective than just foods rich in a particular carotenoid |
[229] | Washington county, Maryland residents | 258 | 515 | ↑Serum/plasma levels of cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin = ↓cancer (OR = 0.74, 0.83, 0.90, SS) |  |
[230] | Case control, Spain | 103 | 206, hospital | No association for intake of α-carotene, β-carotene, or lutein. |  |
[231] | Case control, Uruguay | 541 | 540 | ↑total carotenoids = ↓cancer (OR = 0.43, SS) | Risk reduction for vit E and glutathione also seen. |
[232] | Finland cohort | 138 |  | ↑α-carotene = ↓cancer (OR = 0.61, SS); β-carotene inversely related but not SS. | 90% of α-carotene from carrots |
|  |  |  |  |  | ↑Fruits and ↑root vegetables = ↓cancer (OR = 0.58, 0.56, respectively, SS) |
[233] | Nurses' Health Study & Health Professionals Follow-Up Study | 794 |  | ↑α-carotene, lycopene, total carotenoids = ↓cancer (OR = 0.75, 0.80, 068 respectively, SS); Never smokers + ↑α-carotene = ↓cancer (OR = 0.37, SS) | 4–8 year lag between diet assessment and date of diagnosis gave strongest correlations. |
[234] | Shanghai men's cohort | 209 | 622 | ↑serum β-cryptoxanthin = ↓cancer (OR quartiles = 1, 0.72, 0.42, 0.45, P-trend = 0.02); Smokers with above median level of total carotenoids had a SS 37% reduction in cancer risk | Study population had ~50% lower mean levels of serum carotenoids compared to US whites. |
[235] | Canadian National Breast Screening Study | 155 | 5,631 | Non-significant inverse trend in risk for α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin | β-cryptoxanthin most from citrus, red peppers |
[236] | Japan Collaborative Cohort Study | 147 | 311 | ↑α-carotene, β-carotene, canthaxanthin, total carotenoids = ↓risk (OR = 0.35, 0.21, 0.37, 0.27 respectively, SS); lycopene and β-cryptoxanthin reduce lung cancer risk, but not significantly |  |
[237] | Singapore Chinese Health Study | 482 |  | ↑dietary β-cryptoxanthin = ↓cancer risk (OR = 0.73, 0.63 for smokers, SS) | No significant associations of other carotenoids with lung cancer |
[238] | Pooled analysis of 7 cohorts in USA and Europe | 3,155 |  | ↑ dietary β-cryptoxanthin = ↓lung cancer (OR = 0.76, SS) | Other dietary carotenoids not significantly related to lung cancer. |