Trace element (μmol/L) | Control (Non-smoker) n = 20 | Smoker | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Grade I 10–15 sticks/d n = 20 | Grade II 16–20 sticks/d n = 30 | Grade III 21+ sticks/d n = 30 | ||
Retinol | .72 ± .06 | .66 ± .12 | .45 ± .09* | .28 ± .07* |
Alpha-tocopherol | 13.5 ± 1.6 | 10.0 ± .7** | 8.6 ± 1.9*** | 7.9 ± 1.2*** |
Copper | .44 ± .25 | .46 ± .16 | .61 ± .19* | .62 ± .27* |
Selenium | .013 ± .001 | .004 ± .001* | .003 ± .001* | .003 ± .001* |
Zinc | .46 ± .23 | .46 ± .15 | .46 ± .20 | .42 ± .15* |