Table 1 Baseline study characteristics
Author, year, N | Inclusion criteria | Follow up | Product evaluated | Dose and frequency | Age (years), males (%) (mean ± SD) | Duration of DM (years) (mean ± SD) | Baseline A1C (%), FBG (mg/dL) (mean ± SD) | Baseline weight (kg), BMI (kg/m 2 ) (mean ± SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chen, 2013, N = 66 | 30-75YO, T2DM ≥4 months, stable on OHA x3 months, FBG 140-250 mg/dL, A1C 7.5-12%, BMI 20-35 kg/m2 | 16 weeks | Chromium chloride (n = 38) | 200 mcg, BID | 62 ± 53, 58 | NR | 8.4 ± 8.6, 171 ± 314 | NR, 28 ± 26 |
Placebo (n = 28) | --- | 54 ± 45, 75 | NR | 8.5 ± 6.88, 191 ± 389 | NR, 26 ± 21 | |||
Jain, 2012, N = 50 | T2DM, 30-55YO, signed consent, willingness to participate, not pregnant | 3 months | Chromium picolinate (n = 25) | 400 mcg, unspecified | 51 ± 10, 28 | NR | 7.5 ± 1.6, 129 ± 44 | 104 ± 32, 37 ± 11 |
Placebo (n = 25) | --- | 49 ± 10, 8 | NR | 7.84 ± 1.7, 142 ± 62 | 100 ± 28, 38 ± 9 | |||
Król, 2011, N = 40 | T2DM, not pregnant or breastfeeding, without vitamin-mineral supplementation in the last 3 months | 8 weeks | Brewer’s yeast (n = 20) | 100 mcg, 2 tablets QAM, 2 tablets in the afternoon, 1 tablet QPM | 55 ± 9 years old for N = 40, 55 for N = 50 | 11.5 ± 7.8 for N = 40 | 8.09 ± 2.17, 194 ± 61 | NR, 35 ± 9 |
Placebo (n = 20) | --- | 55 ± 9 years old for N = 40, 55 for N = 50 | 11.5 ± 7.8 for N = 40 | 7.95 ± 80, 167 ± 47 | NR, 36 ± 10 | |||
Sharma, 2011, N = 40 | Not specified, however, authors noted that patients who enrolled had T2DM | 3 months | Brewer’s yeast (n = 20) | 42 mcg, 3 capsules TID | 35-67 years old for N = 40, NR | NR | 9.5 ± 1.2, 198 ± 30 | NR, 25 ± 9 |
Placebo (n = 20) | --- | 35-67 years old for N = 40, NR | NR | 9.30 ± 0.98, 226 ± 82 | NR, 26 ± 4 | |||
Lai, 2008, N = 20 | <56YO, DM × 5 years, FBG > 153 mg/dL, A1C > 8.5% | 6 months | Chromium yeast (n = 10) | 1,000 mcg, unspecified | 53 ± 2, 40 | NR | 10.2 ± 0.5, 225 ± 9 | NR, 26 ± 0.9 |
Placebo (n = 10) | --- | 51 ± 2, 50 | NR | 10.1 ± 0.4, 221 ± 17 | NR, 26 ± 0.8 | |||
Kleefstra, 2007, N = 57 | A1C 7–8.5%, only on OHG, no change to TX in 3 months, CrCl >50 mL/min, ALT <90 units/L | 6 months | Chromium yeast (n = 29) | 100 mcg, 2 tablets BID | 68 ± 8, 62 | 6 | 6.9 ± 0.67, 157 ± 41 | 88 ± 20, 30 ± 6 |
Placebo (n = 28) | --- | 66 ± 9, 61 | 4.5 | 7.01 ± 0.50, 144 ± 32.4 | 87 ± 17, 30 ± 6 | |||
Kleefstra, 2006, N = 46 | <75YO, A1C >8%, daily insulin ≥50 units, CrCl >50 mL/min | 6 months | Chromium picolinate (n = 14) | 250 mcg, BID | 60 ± 9, 29 | 13 ± 5 | 9.43 ± 1.09, NR | NR, 35 ± 7 |
Chromium picolinate (n = 15) | 500 mcg, BID | 59 ± 6, 33 | 11 ± 6 | 9.67 ± 0.91, NR | NR, 33 ± 4 | |||
Placebo (n = 17) | --- | 62 ± 8, 59 | 18 ± 8 | 9.41 ± 1.01, NR | NR, 34 ± 4 | |||
Racek, 2006, N = 36 | >18YO, T2DM, agreement with study protocol | 12 weeks | Chromium enriched yeast (n = 19) | 100 mcg, 2 tablets BID | 60.8 [37–80], 37 | 3 | 7.18 ± 1.52, 148 ± 46 | NR, 34 ± 6 |
Placebo (n = 17) | --- | 62 [47–77], 12 | 6 | 6.94 ± 1.68, 141 ± 43 | NR, 35 ± 9 | |||
Vrtovec, 2005, N = 60 | T2DM, without renal/hepatic dysfunction, without CAD/CVD | 3 months | Chromium picolinate (n = 30) | 1,000 mcg, unspecified | NR, NR | NR | 6.9 ± 1, 160 ± 36 | NR, 30 ± 4 |
Placebo (n = 30) | --- | NR, NR | NR | 7.0 ± 1.5, 164 ± 43 | NR, 31 ± 5 | |||
Ghosh, 2002, N = 100 | T2DM, glycemic control ×3 months, not pregnant, no allergies to chromium picolinate, no multi-mineral supplementation | 12 weeks | Chromium picolinate (n = 50) | 200 mcg, BID | NR, NR | NR | 7.2 ± 2.5, 124 ± 45 | NR, NR |
Placebo (n = 50) | --- | NR, NR | NR | 7.2 ± 1.9, 122 ± 49 | NR, NR | |||
Bahijiri, 2000, N = 141 | T2DM, negative history of pituitary, thyroid, kidney, or liver disease, no digestive problems, no vitamin supplements | 8 months | Chromium chloride (n = 67) | 200 mcg, unspecified | 36-68 years old for N = 141, 38 for N = 141 | NR | NR, NR | NR, 31 ± 8 |
Brewer’s yeast (n = 74) | 23.2 mcg, unspecified | |||||||
Placebo (n = 69) | --- | |||||||
Anderson, 1997, N = 155 | Free of other disease, T2DM, 25-65YO, FBG between 130 mg/dL – 230 mg/dL, 2HOGTT between 170 mg/dL – 300 mg/dL, A1C between 8% – 12% | 4 months | Chromium picolinate (n = 53) | 100 mcg, BID | 56 ± 1, NR | 8 ± 1 | 9.4 ± 2.18, 184 ± 39 | 69 ± 2, 25 ± 0.5 |
Chromium picolinate (n = 52) | 500 mcg, BID | 55 ± 1, NR | 5 ± 0.7 | 9.4 ± 2.16, 176 ± 39 | 68 ± 1, 25 ± 0.4 | |||
Placebo (n = 50) | --- | 56 ± 1, NR | 5 ± 0.7 | 9.1 ± 2.12, 176 ± 38 | 69 ± 1, 25 ± 0.5 | |||
Abraham, 1992, N = 25 | Authors did not clearly specify, however, they did note that patients with T2DM were enrolled and had established atherosclerotic disease | 16 months | Chromium chloride (n = 13) | 250 mcg, unspecified | NR, NR | NR | NR, 175 ± 36 | NR, NR |
Placebo (n = 12) | --- | NR, NR | NR | NR, 176 ± 42 | NR, NR | |||
Hunt, 1985, N = 39 | T2DM, BG >140 mg/dL, A1C >8% | 90 days | Brewer’s yeast (n = 22) | 68 mcg/day, BID | 62 ± 16 years old for N = 39, 73 for N = 79 | NR | 11.1, 204 | 123 ± 22 for N = 39, NR |
Placebo – Torula yeast (n = 17) | --- | 62 ± 16 years old for N = 39, 73 for N = 9 | NR | 11, 186 | 123 ± 22 for N = 39, NR |