Table 4 Human milk (HM) and developmental outcome in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants: nutritive parameters
From: Human milk and neurodevelopment in children with very low birth weight: a systematic review
Reference | Pinelli et al. [29] | Furman et al. [30] | Tanaka et al. [31] | Horwood et al. [32] | Smith et al. [33] | Johnson et al. [34] | Vohr et al. [35] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HM feeding definition. None specified whether donor milk was used. | Maternal milk intake as % of total fluid intake and by duration | Maternal milk at 0, 1–24, 25–49, >50 mL/kg/d | Maternal milk | Any maternal milk from birth | Expressed maternal milk without or with progression to direct breastfeeding | Any breast milk | Maternal milk intake by quintiles |
HM feeding duration | Continuous measures till 12 m corrected | Up to 4w | HM group 72 +/− 45.2 (SD)d, Formula group received HM for 59 +/−32.1d | None, <4 m, 4-7 m, 8 + m | <1w, 1-4w, 1-3 m, 4–6 m, >6 m | Neonatal period | Up to 120d. |
HM fortification | Milk based powder if intake <180-200 mL/kg/d (21% of infants) | Milk based powder or concentrated PTF | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
HM feeding data source | Maternal questionnaires, 24 h expressed milk volume, test weighing one feeding each 3 m | * | * | Maternal recall and child health record | Maternal recall | * | Database from hospital records |
Infant formula data | 20 exclusively PTF | PTF | NS | NS, n = 76 | NS | NS | PTF, 180 (23%) exclusively FF |