From: Human milk and neurodevelopment in children with very low birth weight: a systematic review
Reference | Pinelli et al. [29] | Furman et al. [30] | Tanaka et al. [31] | Horwood et al. [32] | Smith et al. [33] | Johnson et al. [34] | Vohr et al. [35] |
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Primary study for the subjects | Structured breast feeding counseling to sustain lactation | Self selected provision of breast milk vs. preterm formula | RBC DHA in breastfed VLBW infants at 4 weeks | Retinopathy of prematurity | Epidemiology of brain injuries in VLBW infants and Epidemiologic study of multiple births | Early predictors of education attainment at 11 y | Parenteral glutamine trial |
Subject source | One center, Canada | One center, USA | One center, Japan | All VLBW births, New Zealand | 5 centers, USA | All extremely preterm births in United Kingdom and Ireland | 12 of 15 NICHD NRN sites, USA |
Exclusions | Multiple birth, severe congenital, surgical, chromosome abnormality, non-English speaking parents | Positive drug screen, major congenital anomalies, intrauterine infection, overwhelming maternal social concerns | Cerebral palsy, no RBC DHA data, severe chronic lung disease, minor anomalies, hearing problem | Sensorineural deficit and no breast milk data | NS | None | Unable to test including those with sensorineural deficit |
Assessment age | 6 and 12 m corrected | 20 m corrected | 5y | 91 m | 6 to 8y | Median 10y 11 m | 30 m corrected |
Sample size (assessed/eligible)* | 138/148 | 98/119 | 18/26 | 298/338 | 439/770 | 219/307; and 153 term “Control” | 704/939 |
Observers blinded to feeding protocol | Yes | Yes | NS | NS | NS | Yes | NS |
Neurodevelopment tests | BSID II: MDI and PDI | BSID II: MDI and PDI | KABC | WISC-R: verbal and performance IQ | CELF; CCVL; KABC; PPVT; WRAVMA | KABC; TAAS; WIAT-II | BSID-II |
Effect size for human milk† | See below | See below | See below | See below | See below | See below | See below |