Table 1 General maternal characteristics during pregnancy, neonatal anthropometry and comparison of control and intervention (low glycaemic index diet) groups
n | Intervention | Control | Total | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother Age (yrs) | 542 | 32.83 ± 3.97 | 32.91 ± 3.91 | 32.87 ± 3.93 | 0.824 |
Mother Height (cm) | 542 | 165.58 ± 12.29 | 165.03 ± 11.54 | 165.27 ± 11.86 | 0.591 |
Mother Weight (kg) | 542 | 72.45 ± 12.95 | 72.32 ± 12.97 | 72.38 ± 12.94 | 0.905 |
Mother BMI1 (kg/m2) | 542 | 26.19 ± 4.35 | 26.38 ± 4.42 | 26.30 ± 4.38 | 0.616 |
Gestational weight gain (kg) | 273 | 12.48 ± 4.40 | 14.13 ± 4.55 | 13.39 ± 4.55 | 0.003 |
Postprandial glucose* | 537 | 6.47 ± 1.42 | 6.77 ± 1.77 | 6.64 ± 1.63 | 0.031 |
Mother well-being% score | 508 | 56.37 ± 15.38 | 60.21 ± 15.19 | 58.48 ± 15.37 | 0.005 |
Days per week walking ≥30 min2 | 426 | 3.55 ± 1.86 | 3.44 ± 1.74 | 3.48 ± 1.79 | 0.527 |
Moderate activity (min per week) | 308 | 70.80 ± 49.70 | 61.80 ± 36.64 | 66.20 ± 43.46 | 0.066 |
T1 Energy Intake (kcal/d) | 521 | 1828.25 ± 407.98 | 1874.02 ± 474.10 | 1854.47 ± 446.12 | 0.245 |
T2 Energy Intake (kcal/d) | 529 | 1803.43 ± 440.82 | 1943.24 ± 476.75 | 1883.50 ± 467.54 | 0.001 |
T3 Energy Intake (kcal/d) | 541 | 1832.55 ± 424.02 | 1932.42 ± 472.56 | 1889.62 ± 454.91 | 0.011 |
T1 Protein Intake (%TE) | 521 | 17.23 ± 3.04 | 16.80 ± 3.10 | 16.98 ± 3.08 | 0.114 |
T2 Protein Intake (%TE) | 529 | 17.79 ± 3.16 | 16.75 ± 2.92 | 17.21 ± 3.07 | <0.001 |
T3 Protein Intake (%TE) | 541 | 17.62 ± 3.18 | 16.69 ± 2.96 | 17.10 ± 3.09 | <0.001 |
T1 Carbohydrate Intake (%TE) | 521 | 50.31 ± 6.65 | 50.32 ± 6.35 | 50.31 ± 6.47 | 0.996 |
T2 Carbohydrate Intake (%TE) | 529 | 48.99 ± 5.91 | 49.88 ± 5.94 | 49.48 ± 5.94 | 0.089 |
T3 Carbohydrate Intake (%TE) | 541 | 49.05 ± 5.50 | 49.96 ± 6.09 | 49.57 ± 5.85 | 0.072 |
T1Total Fat Intake (%TE) | 521 | 35.47 ± 5.92 | 35.83 ± 5.45 | 35.68 ± 5.66 | 0.471 |
T2 Total Fat Intake (%TE) | 529 | 36.11 ± 5.35 | 36.30 ± 5.43 | 36.22 ± 5.39 | 0.673 |
T3 Total Fat Intake (%TE) | 541 | 36.19 ± 5.26 | 36.20 ± 5.40 | 36.19 ± 5.33 | 0.978 |
T1 SFA3 Intake (%TE) | 521 | 13.35 ± 3.00 | 13.76 ± 2.93 | 13.57 ± 2.97 | 0.119 |
T2 SFA3 Intake (%TE) | 529 | 13.45 ± 3.00 | 13.95 ± 3.00 | 13.72 ± 3.02 | 0.055 |
T3 SFA3 Intake (%TE) | 541 | 14.00 ± 3.17 | 13.90 ± 3.10 | 13.93 ± 3.14 | 0.721 |
T1 MUFA4 Intake (%TE) | 521 | 11.09 ± 2.55 | 11.38 ± 2.40 | 11.26 ± 2.47 | 0.184 |
T2 MUFA4 Intake (%TE) | 529 | 11.41 ± 2.37 | 11.49 ± 2.26 | 11.46 ± 2.31 | 0.695 |
T3 MUFA4 Intake (%TE) | 541 | 11.25 ± 2.29 | 11.38 ± 2.21 | 11.33 ± 2.24 | 0.497 |
T1 PUFA5 Intake (%TE) | 521 | 5.99 ± 2.10 | 5.81 ± 2.11 | 5.90 ± 2.12 | 0.347 |
T2 PUFA5 Intake (%TE) | 529 | 6.07 ± 1.76 | 5.78 ± 1.80 | 5.91 ± 1.80 | 0.066 |
T3 PUFA5 Intake (%TE) | 541 | 5.79 ± 1.81 | 5.72 ± 1.87 | 5.76 ± 1.85 | 0.672 |
T1 Glycaemic Index | 521 | 57.38 ± 4.24 | 57.71 ± 4.03 | 57.56 ± 4.12 | 0.365 |
T2 Glycaemic Index | 529 | 56.26 ± 4.04 | 57.83 ± 3.71 | 57.13 ± 3.93 | <0.001 |
T3 Glycaemic Index | 541 | 56.12 ± 3.88 | 57.70 ± 3.88 | 57.00 ± 3.96 | <0.001 |
T1 Glycaemic Load | 521 | 132.40 ± 32.79 | 136.45 ± 38.70 | 134.69 ± 36.21 | 0.209 |
T2 Glycaemic Load | 529 | 123.34 ± 31.42 | 140.26 ± 36.90 | 132.93 ± 35.62 | <0.001 |
T3 Glycaemic Load | 541 | 126.49 ± 30.03 | 139.81 ± 37.22 | 134.10 ± 34.96 | <0.001 |
Neonatal Weight (kg) | 542 | 4.05 ± 0.47 | 4.01 ± 0.45 | 4.02 ± 0.46 | 0.274 |
Neonatal Length (cm) | 542 | 53.01 ± 2.40 | 52.48 ± 2.68 | 52.73 ± 2.56 | 0.160 |
Neonatal Abdominal Circ6 (cm) | 222 | 33.24 ± 2.29 | 33.54 ± 1.96 | 33.40 ± 2.11 | 0.303 |
Neonatal Waist Circ6:Height Ratio | 182 | 0.63 ± 0.04 | 0.64 ± 0.05 | 0.64 ± 0.05 | 0.013 |
Neonatal SOSF7 (mm) | 186 | 28.66 ± 5.60 | 28.52 ± 4.88 | 28.58 ± 5.18 | 0.848 |
Neonatal Sum TSF8 and SSF9 (mm) | 186 | 13.87 ± 2.83 | 13.92 ± 2.60 | 13.90 ± 2.69 | 0.906 |
Neonatal TSF8:SSF9 Ratio | 186 | 1.01 ± 0.19 | 1.00 ± 0.18 | 1.00 ± 0.19 | 0.489 |
Neonatal Waist:Hip Circ6 Ratio | 221 | 0.99 ± 0.06 | 1.00 ± 0.05 | 1.00 ± 0.06 | 0.192 |