Table 1 Baseline and demographic characteristics
From: Chocolate flavanols and skin photoprotection: a parallel, double-blind, randomized clinical trial
Clinical characteristics | High-flavanol chocolate (n = 33) | Low-flavanol chocolate (n = 41) |
|---|---|---|
MED (J/cm 2 ) | 0.56 ± 0.14 | 0.61 ± 0.17 |
Skin type ˦ I | 15 (45.5) | 16 (39.0) |
II | 18 (54.5) | 25 (61.0) |
Season at week 12 ˦ | ||
Before April 15 | 10 (30.3) | 17 (41.5) |
After April 15 | 23 (69.7) | 24 (58.5) |
Overall skin elasticity (mm) | ||
Arm | 0.76 ± 0.08 | 0.76 ± 0.09 |
Temple | 0.54 ± 0.11 | 0.55 ± 0.10 |
Skin hydration (units ** ) | ||
Arm | 33.34 ± 7.27 | 33.05 ± 6.76 |
Temple | 41.00 ± 13.02 | 42.39 ± 10.71 |
Plasma polyphenol concentrations | ||
Epicatechins (ng/ml) | 0.12 ± 0.48 | 0.11 ± 0.43 |
Catechins (ng/ml) | 0.20 ± 0.67 | 0.17 ± 0.64 |
Dietary polyphenol consumption* | ||
Epicatechins (mg/day) | 10.50 ± 7.54 | 10.65 ± 7.00 |
Catechins (mg/day) | 11.94 ± 7.91 | 14.35 ± 9.28 |
Age (years) | 39.7 ± 14.2 | 39.3 ± 12.0 |
20 to 35˦ | 15 (45.5) | 19 (46.3) |
36 to 49˦ | 8 (24.2) | 12 (29.3) |
50 to 65˦ | 10 (30.3) | 10 (24.4) |
Sun exposure habits ˦ | ||
UV exposure (>30 minutes daily): | ||
Weekdays | 23 (69.7) | 30 (73.2) |
Weekend days | 31 (93.9) | 39 (95.1) |
Painful sunburn | 23 (69.7) | 28 (68.3) |
Educational attainment ˦ | ||
University degree | 24 (72.7) | 36 (87.8) |
Some university or college education | 9 (27.3) | 5 (12.2) |
Anthropometric measures | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.6 ± 2.2 | 24.4 ± 3.6 |