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Table 1 Effects of probiotic administration on diabetes mellitus – Experimental studies

From: Gut microbiota, probiotics and diabetes

References

Probiotics

Type of cell/animal model

Quantity

Study period

Results

[34]

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis 420

C57BL/6, ob/ob, CD14-/-, ob/obxCD14-/-, Myd88-/-, Nod1-/-or Nod2-/-mice fed a high fat diet

109 CFU/day

6 weeks

↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, PAI-1 and IL-6

↑Insulin sensitivity

[94]

L. acidophilus (PZ 1041), L. gasseri (PZ 1160), L. fermentum (PZ 1162), and L. rhamnosus (PZ 1121)

T84 cell

-

-

L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, and L. gasseri: ↑ two genes encoding adherence junction proteins β-catenin and E-cadherin

↑ Transepithelial electrical resistance

↓ PKCδ

[96]

Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 subsp. infantis ATCC

Caco-2 cell/BB rats

1010 to 1011 CFU/L in cell culture and 108 CFU/day in rats

-

↑ Paneth cell

[99]

Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 and Lactobacillus reuteri TD1

BB rats

108 CFU/day

141 days

Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2: ↓ incidence of T1D; ↑ goblet cells and claudin-1; ↓ hexanoyl-lysine (oxidative stress biomarker)

[100]

Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 and Lactobacillus reuteri TD1

BB rats, NOD mice, and C57BL/6 mice

1 × 108 CFU/day

140 days

Positive TH17 phenotype modulation

[102]

L. acidophilus, L. casei, and L. lactis

Male Wistar rats fed a high fructose diet

diet supplemented with 15% of dahi ad libitum

8 weeks

↓ Blood glucose, HbA1c, glucose intolerance, plasma insulin, liver glycogen, plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood free fatty acids

[103]

L. plantarum DSM 15313

Female C57BL/6 J mice fed a high fat diet

25 × 108 CFU/day

20 weeks

↓ Blood glucose

[104]

VSL#3 (L. acidophilus MB 443, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus MB 453, L. casei MB 451, L. plantarum MB 452, B. longum Y10, B. infantis Y1, B. breve Y8, and S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus MB 455)

ApoE-/-C57BL6 male mice

25 × 108 CFU/day

12 weeks

↓ Insulin

↑ Glucose tolerance

↑ Insulin signaling

↓TNF-α and RANTES

↑ IL-10

[105]

VSL#3 (L. acidophilus MB 443, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus MB 453, L. casei MB 451, L. plantarum MB 452, B. longum Y10, B. infantis Y1, B. breve Y8, and S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus MB 455)

NOD mice

1.5 × 109 CFU/day

12 weeks

↓ Hepatic NKT cell depletion

↓ IKKβ activity

↓ NF-κB binding activity

↑Insulin signaling

[106]

VSL#3 (L. acidophilus MB 443, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus MB 453, L. casei MB 451, L. plantarum MB 452, B. longum Y10, B. infantis Y1, B. breve Y8, and S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus MB 455)

Female NOD mice

9 mg/week

70 weeks

↓ Incidence of auto-immune diabetes

↓ Insulitis and decreased rate of β-cell destruction

↑ IL-10

[109]

Lactococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis NCDC 60, L. acidophilus NCDC 14, and L. casei NCDC 19

Male Wistar diabetic rats

15 g/day (8,83 CFU/g lactobacilli and 7,89 log CFU/g lactococci)

15 weeks

↑ Gastric emptying

Dahi probiotic feeding did not change blood glucose levels

↓ Thiobarbituric acid-reactive species in intestinal tissues

↓ HbA1c

[111]

L. reuteri GMNL-263

Male Sprague–Dawley diabetic rats

1 × 109 CFU/day

4 weeks

↓ HbA1c and blood glucose

↓ JAK2 and STAT1 phosphorylation

↓ PAI-1

[112]

Bifidobacterium adolescentis

Male Wistar rats fed a high fat diet

-

12 weeks

↓ Body weight

↑Insulin sensitivity

[114]

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG

HT-29 cells

107-109 CFU/mL

-

↓ NF-kB nuclear translocation

↓ LPS-induced IκBα degradation

  1. HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; NF-kB: nuclear factor kappa B; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides; IκBα: inhibitory kappa B alpha; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; IL-6: interleukin-6; JAK2: Janus kinase 2; STAT1: signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; IL-10: interleukin-10; IKKβ: inhibitors of kappa beta kinase beta; NKT: natural killer T cells; RANTES: regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted; Th17: T helper 17; T1D: type 1 diabetes.