Table 1 Dietary intake and serum concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin, macular pigment optical density, serum lipids and body mass index in Spanish subjects (n=108) expressed as mean ± standard deviation, (median) and confidence interval [ _95% CI]

Concentrations in serum

Lutein (μg/dl)

13.0 ± 6.9

12.7 ± 5.5

10.9 ± 5.0^b

14.8 ± 6.6^b

12.8 ± 6.2

(11.2)

(11.7)

(10.0)

(13.0)

(11.6)

[11.1; 14.8]

[11.2; 14.2]

[9.5; 12.3]

[13.0; 16.6]

[11.7; 14.0]

Zeaxanthin (μg/dl)

2.9 ± 1.4

2.8 ± 1.3

2.7 ± 1.2

3.0 ± 1.5

2.8 ± 1.4

(2.6)

(2.5)

(2.4)

(2.6)

(2.6)

[2.5; 3.2]

[2.5 ; 3.2]

[2.4; 3.0]

[2.6; 3.4]

[2.6; 3.1]

Lutein + zeaxanthin (μg/dl)

16.5 ± 8.1

15.6 ± 6.6

14.3 ± 6.5^b

17.9 ± 7.8^b

16.1 ± 7.4

(14.6)

(14.1)

(12.8)

(15.7 )

(14.4)

[14.3; 18.8]

[13.8; 17.5]

[12.5; 16.1]

[15.7; 20.0]

[14.7; 17.5]

Lutein + zeaxanthin/cholesterol + triglycerides (μg/mg)

0.06 ± 0.03

0.06 ± 0.03

0.06 ± 0.03

0.06 ± 0.03

0.06 ± 0.03

(0.05)

(0.06)

(0.05)

(0.05)

(0.05)

[0.05; 0.06]

[0.06; 0.07]

[0.05; 0.07]

[0.05; 0.07]

[0.06; 0.07]

Cholesterol (mg/dl)

186.0 ± 42.9

187.1 ± 42.9

165.4 ± 43.2^b

207.7 ± 43.1^b

186.6 ± 48.0

(178)

(191)

(163.5)

(201.0)

(188)

[174.3; 195.7]

[172.7; 2016]

[153.6; 177.2]

[196.0; 219.5]

[177.4; 195.7]

HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

52.5 ± 14.1^a

62.4 ± 12.8^a

55.6 ± 12.9

59.4 ± 15.5

57.5 ± 14.3

(51.5)

(65.5)

(54)

(60.0)

(56)

[48.7; 56.4]

[58.9; 65.9]

[52.1; 59.1]

[55.1; 63.6]

[54.8; 60.2]

LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

110.7 ± 37.2

109.7 ± 43.6

92.8 ± 35.3^b

127.6 ± 37.7^b

110.2 ± 40.3

(107)

(112.5)

(88 )

(121.5)

(108)

[100.6; 120.9]

[97.8; 121.5]

[83.1; 102.4]

[117.3; 137.9]

[102.5; 117.9]

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

105.7 ± 55.3^a

74.5 ± 23.9^a

86.3 ± 36.3

94.0 ± 52.7

90.1 ± 45.2

(87.9)

(70.5)

(76.0 )

(78.5)

(78)

[90.6; 120.8]

[68.0; 81.1]

[76.4; 96.2]

[79.6; 108.4]

[81.5; 98.8]

Dietary intake

Lutein (μg/day)

955.4 ± 1418.1

1190.8 ± 1727.4

903.9 ± 1571.8^b

1242.3 ± 1579.3^b

1073.1 ± 1577.4

(408.8)

(410.5)

(339.2)

(528.8)

(410.5)

[568.4; 1342.5]

[719.3; 1662.3]

[474.9; 1333.0]

[811.3; 1673.4]

[772.2; 1374.0]

Zeaxanthin (μg/day)

78.6 ± 121.1

111.7 ± 155.7

91.5 ± 143.5

98.8 ± 137.2

95.2 ± 139.8

(31.8)

(48.9)

(33.0)

(46.3)

(38.1)

[45.6; 111.7]

[69.2; 154.2]

[52.3; 130.7]

[61.3; 136.2]

[68.5; 121.8]

Lutein + zeaxanthin (μg/day)

1052.8 ± 1531.6

1283.7 ± 1860.6

995.4 ± 1705.0^b

1341.1 ± 1693.1^b

1168.3 ± 1700.0

(445.9)

(452.5)

(369.0)

(678.6)

(451.0)

[634.8; 1470.9]

[775.9; 1791.5]

[530.0; 1460.8]

[879.0; 1803.2]

[844.0; 1492.5]

Lutein + zeaxanthin/1000 Kcal (μg/day)

47.5 ± 71.2

66.8 ± 91.5

47.7 ± 78.4^b

66.6 ± 85.4^b

57.1 ± 82.2

(21.2)

(26.0)

(18.8)

(31.9)

(23.8)

[2.5; 323.9]

[3.5; 379.0]

[2.4; 367.5]

[4.3; 335.3]

[2.56; 329.4]

Macular pigment optical density (density units)

MPOD (n = 216 eyes)

0.352 ± 0.150

0.342 ± 0.155

0.370 ± 0.140^b

0.325 ± 0.158^b

0.347 ± 0.108

(0.360)

(0.350)

(0.360)

(0.320)

(0.360)

[0.323; 0.382]

[0.311; 0.373]

[0.341; 0.398]

[0.293; 0.356]

[0.326; 0.370]

Body mass index (kg/m ² )

24.9 ± 2.2^a

21.8 ± 2.4^a

22.7 ± 2.8^b

24.0 ± 2.5^b

23.4 ± 2.7

(25.0)

(21.5)

(22.6)

(24.1)

(23.0)

[24.3; 25.4]

[21.2; 22.5]

[22.0; 23.5]

[23.3; 24.7]

[22.8; 23.9]