Table 3 Comparison of mean crude energy intakes and energy-adjusted nutrient intakes estimated by the 16-day DR, and the DHQ administered in each season among 92 women

Energy, kJ/day

7722

7071-8589

7854

7682

6621***

7028**

Protein, % energy

15.1

14.0-16.4

14.0***

13.9***

14.4*

13.9***

Fat, % energy

27.3

25.0-30.6

27.5

26.7

30.3***

29.0*

Saturated fat, % energy

7.71

6.68-8.84

7.43

7.37*

8.50***

8.30*

Monounsaturated fat, % energy

9.50

8.33-11.0

9.52

9.23

10.8***

10.3**

Polyunsaturated fat, % energy

6.23

5.76-6.70

6.42

6.22

7.03***

6.69*

n-3 Polyunsaturated fat, % energy

1.20

1.04-1.37

1.26

1.18

1.41***

1.35***

n-6 Polyunsaturated fat, % energy

5.00

4.56-5.55

5.17

5.06

5.66***

5.36*

Marine-origin n-3 polyunsaturated fat^†, % energy

0.44

0.32-0.55

0.38**

0.35***

0.44

0.43

Eicosapentaenoic acid, % energy

0.15

0.11-0.18

0.13

0.12***

0.15

0.15

Docosahexaenoic acid, % energy

0.25

0.19-0.31

0.22**

0.20***

0.25

0.24

α-Linolenic acid, % energy

0.70

0.62-0.77

0.82***

0.79***

0.90***

0.87***

Cholesterol, mg/10 MJ

432

374-497

386**

370***

448

430

Carbohydrate, % energy

55.1

51.7-58.7

55.5

56.3*

46.1***

46.0***

Total dietary fiber, g/10 MJ

18.8

16.1-22.3

17.6**

17.0***

15.2***

14.7***

Soluble dietary fiber, g/10 MJ

4.15

3.44-4.83

4.20

4.06

3.67***

3.81**

Insoluble dietary fiber, g/10 MJ

13.7

11.8-16.0

12.7***

12.3***

10.7***

10.2***

Alcohol, % energy

0.78

0.14-1.62

0.62*

0.49***

2.53***

2.90***

Retinol, μg/10 MJ

331

224-423

307

282*

392*

440***

Vitamin A

741

574-857

717

662*

814

844*

(retinol equivalent)^‡, μg/10 MJ

α-Carotene, μg/10 MJ

480

340-661

437

425

386**

353***

β-Carotene, μg/10 MJ

3764

2763-5368

3583

3439

3833

3781

β-Carotene equivalent^§, μg/10 MJ

4330

3159-6029

4173

3957

4251

4118

Cryptoxanthin, μg/10 MJ

355

225-661

506***

374

223***

147***

α-Tocopherol, mg/10 MJ

9.57

8.66-10.5

9.79

9.61

11.1***

11.0***

Vitamin K, μg/10 MJ

295

244-362

330**

335**

369***

302

Thiamin, mg/10 MJ

1.17

1.06-1.26

1.05***

1.03***

1.08*

1.09*

Riboflavin, mg/10 MJ

1.71

1.50-1.91

1.73

1.63*

2.08***

2.09***

Niacin, mg/10 MJ

21.4

19.2-24.0

20.2**

19.2***

25.3***

25.7***

Vitamin B6, mg/10 MJ

1.57

1.34-1.77

1.45***

1.38***

1.79***

1.84***

Vitamin B12, μg/10 MJ

9.55

7.47-12.1

9.03

8.92

10.8**

10.5*

Folate, μg/10 MJ

452

368-552

392***

377***

455

427*

Pantothenic acid, mg/10 MJ

7.78

7.16-8.39

7.76

7.57

8.33***

8.39***

Vitamin C, mg/10 MJ

139

119-185

148

122***

134

131

Sodium, mg/10 MJ

5320

4767-6027

5364

5043*

5120

5096

Potassium, mg/10 MJ

3408

2918-3849

3146***

2954***

3411

3544*

Calcium, mg/10 MJ

729

615-876

701

677**

787**

760

Magnesium, mg/10 MJ

350

306-394

325***

321***

372***

372***

Phosphorus, mg/10 MJ

1383

1263-1521

1315**

1291***

1450**

1438*

Iron, mg/10 MJ

10.5

9.15-12.1

9.05***

8.89***

9.12***

8.58***

Zinc, mg/10 MJ

10.4

9.80-11.2

10.0***

10.3

9.41***

9.15***

Copper, mg/10 MJ

1.52

1.37-1.68

1.44***

1.47*

1.28***

1.26***

Manganese, mg/10 MJ

4.61

3.89-5.59

5.17***

4.85*

4.63

4.46