From: Modulation of obesity-induced inflammation by dietary fats: mechanisms and clinical evidence
Subjects: n (F/M) | Design | Dietary intervention | Inflammatory response | Remarks | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overweight: 33 (22/11) | Parallel: 12-week | n-3 PUFA: 6 capsules of 1 g fish oil daily (0.42 g EPA + 1.62 g DHA/d) | Body weight: n-3 PUFA ↓4.2 kg, placebo ↓ 3.17 kg; NS |  | [86] |
n-3 PUFA:15 (10/5) Placebo:18 (12/6) | Â | Placebo (MUFA): 6 capsules of 1Â gunola oil daily | Leptin, adiponectin, hsCRP, IL-6: NS | Â | Â |
 |  | Daily intake were 5000 kJ for female and 6000 kJ for males with ~30% en total fat intake | TNF-α: n-3 PUFA ↓ vs baseline; NS |  |  |
Overweight: 26 (16/10) | Parallel: 14-week | Phase 1 (lead-in): 34.3% en fat (4.8% en n-6, 0.5% en n-3 PUFA) | Body weight after Phase 3: Both diets ↓ (~3.5% body weight); NS |  | [87] |
n-3 PUFA: 13 (8/5) control: 13 (8/5) | Phase 1: 2-week Phase 2: 2-week Phase 3:12-week | Both n-3 PUFA and control groups consumed the same diet Phase 2 (iso-caloric, 1800 kcal)): n-3 PUFA: 12 capsules of 725 mg fish oil (2.88 g n-3 PUFA) 34.7% en fat (n-6 PUFA, 4.9% en, n-3 PUFA, 3.6% en) Main source of n-3 PUFAs: canola and flaxseed oils, and margarines rich in ALA | Adiponectin: both diets ↑ vs baseline; NS HMW adiponectin: NS |  |  |
 |  | Control: high oleic sunflower oil capsules 34.3% en total fat (4.8% en n-6, 0.5% en n-3 PUFA) Main source of oils: high oleic safflower and sunflower oils, and margarines based on these oils |  |  |  |
 |  | Phase 3 (ad libitum): 115% of the amount of food provided in phase 1 and 2 |  |  |  |
Obese: 11 (-/11) Phase 1:11(-/11) Phase 2:8 (-/8) | Cross-over Phase 1: 6-week Phase 2: 8-week (very low calorie diet, 4-week; restricted energy diet, 2-week; weight sustained diet, 2-week) | Phase 1 (fish oil study): n-3 PUFA: 0.6 g EPA + 0.5 g DHA Control: 6 capsules 500 mg of high oleic sunflower oil with ad-libitum Dutch diet No fish consumption is allowed | Postprandial IL-6, CRP, sTNF-R55, sTNF-R75, PAI-1 antigen: weight loss ↓: NS TNF-α: NS | Small sample size | [5] |
 |  | Phase 2 (weight loss period): Very low calorie diet: 480 kcal/day with shakes + 250 g vegetables and fruits except banana |  |  |  |
 | Postprandial challenges at the end of each intervention: 0, 2, 4 h | Restricted energy diet: 1000 kcal/day with mixed solid energy-restricted diet with a recommended composition |  |  |  |
 |  | Weight sustained diet: Diet at commensurate calories to maintain the newly achieved weights Postprandial meals: 50.1 g fat, milkshake |  |  |  |
Obese: 11 (-/11) | Cross-over | Phase 1 (fish oil study): n-3 PUFA: 0.6 g EPA + 0.5 g DHA | Fasting sICAM-1, hsCRP: weight loss ↓; NS sE-sel, MCP-1: NS | Small sample size | [6] |
Phase 1:11(-/11) Phase 2:8 (-/8) | Phase 1: 6-week Phase 2: 8-week (very low calorie diet, 4-week; restricted energy diet, 2-week; weight sustained diet, 2-week) | Control: 6 capsules 500 mg of high oleic sunflower oil with ad-libitum Dutch diet No fish consumption is allowed | Postprandial sICAM, hsCRP: weight loss ↓ MCP1: PUFA & weight loss ↓ sel: NS |  |  |
 |  | Phase 2 (weight loss period): Very low calorie diet: 480 kcal/day with shakes + 250 g vegetables and fruits except banana |  |  |  |
 | Postprandial challenges at the end of each intervention: 0, 2, 4 h | Restricted energy diet: 1000 kcal/day with mixed solid energy-restricted diet with a recommended composition Weight sustained diet: Diet at commensurate calories to maintain the newly achieved weights |  |  |  |
 |  | Postprandial meals: 50.1g fat, milkshake |  |  |  |