From: Modulation of obesity-induced inflammation by dietary fats: mechanisms and clinical evidence
Subjects: n (F/M) | Design | Dietary intervention | Inflammatory response | Remarks | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overweight: 15 (-/15) | Crossover: 6-week | VLCKD 60% en total fat, 10% en CHO, 30% en protein Unlimited type of fat or cholesterol amount from sources such as beef, poultry, fish, oils, various nuts/seeds, moderate amount of vegetables, salads with low-carbohydrate dressings, moderate amount of cheese, eggs, protein powder, water/ low-carbohydrate diet drinks, low-carbohydrate bars and shakes *Customied diabetic exchange lists were used. | TNF-α, IL-6, hsCRP, sICAM-1: both VLCKD & LFD ↓ vs baseline: NS sP-sel: NS Body weight: VLCKD ↓ 6.5 kg, LFD ↓3.7 kg | Protein intake not standardised across diets | [84] |
 |  | LFD 25% en fat, 55% en CHO, 20% en protein (< 10% SFA, < 300 mg cholesterol) |  |  |  |
Overweight: 20 | Parallel: 12-week | VLCKD 60% en fat 10% en CHO 30% en protein Unlimited amount of beef, poultry, fish, eggs, oils and heavy creams; moderate amount of hard cheeses, low-carbohydrate vegetables and salad dressings; small amount of nuts, nut butters and seeds. | TNF-α, IL-8, MCP-1, E-selectin, sICAM-1 PAI-1: both VLCKD & LFD ↓ vs baseline; VLKCD ↓↓ IL-6, CRP, VEGF, P-sel, EGF and sVCAM-1: both VLCKD & LFD ↓ vs baseline; NS | Protein intake not standardised across diets Dyslipidemic subjects were included | [85] |
 |  | LFD 25% en fat, 55% en CHO, 20% en protein (< 10% SFA, < 300 mg cholesterol) Whole grains (bread, cereals and pastas), fruit/fruit juices, vegetables, vegetables oils, low at dairy, and lean meat products *Standard diabetic exchange lists were used. | Body weight: VLCKD ↓ 5.6 kg, LFD ↓3.7 kg |  |  |