From: Modulation of obesity-induced inflammation by dietary fats: mechanisms and clinical evidence
Subjects: n (F/M) | Design | Dietary intervention | Inflammatory response | Remarks | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overweight/obese: 14 (14/-) | Crossover; 3-week, 1 week wash-out | PUFA 40% en total fat (25% en PUFA, 8.5% en SFA) Fat from vegetable sources | CRP: PUFA↓ vs baseline IL-18: NS vs baseline | Small sample size Dyslipidemic and postmenopausal women were recruited | [74] |
 |  | SFA 42% en total fat (29% en SFA, 3% en PUFA) Dairy and animal fats | *No comparison was made between diets | Short dietary intervention |  |
 |  | Iso-caloric diet (2738 kcal) with ~21% en exchange between PUFA and SFA |  |  |  |
Abdominally overweight: 61 (gender not specified) n-6 PUFA:32 SFA: 29 | Parallel; 10-week | n-6 PUFA 40% en total fat (10% en SFA, 13.5% en LA) Scones (baked using sunflower oil), margarine, sunflower oil and sunflower seeds | IL-1RA, TNF-R2: n-6 PUFA↓ vs SFA CRP, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-10: NS | Subjects used antihypertensive and lipid lowering drugs. | [75] |
 |  | SFA 40% en total fat (20% en SFA, 4% en LA) Scones (baked using butter), butter and butter |  | Low compliance: n-6 PUFA diet (n = 27); SFA diet (n = 19) |  |
 |  | Iso-caloric diet (2000 kcal) consisted with 10% en exchange between n-6 PUFA and SFA. Key fat sources were provided |  |  |  |
Overweight and obese: 76 (63/13) Krill: 25 (22/3) Menhaden: 26 (21/5) Control:25 (20/5) | Parallel; 4-week | Krill oil: 90 mg DHA + 216 mg EPA Menhaden oil: 178 mg DHA + 212 mg EPA Control: 2 g olive oil 4 x 500 mg capsules/day for each supplementation | hsCRP: NS | Habitual diet was not controlled | [78] |
Sedentary overweight: 138 (93/45) | Parallel: 4-month | n-3 PUFA: 2.5 g/day Fish oil (6 x 500 mg capsules/d);EPA:DHA ratio is 7:1 | TNF-α, IL-6: both doses ↓ vs placebo; NS | Calorie and fatty acid composition of habitual diets were not standardized | [79] |
n-3 PUFA 2.5 g/day: 46 (29/17) n-3 PUFA: 1.25 g/day: 46 (28/18) Placebo: 46 (36/10) |  | n-3 PUFA: 1.25 g/day Placebo: 3 g Mixture of palm, olive, soy, canola and cocoa butter oils; (SFA:MUFA:PUFA ratio = 37:42:21) |  |  |  |
Severely obese:55 (46/9) n-3 PUFA: 27 (23/4) Control: 28 (23/5) | Parallel: 8-week | n-3 PUFA: 4 x 1 g capsules/day (3.36 g EPA + DHA) Control: 5 g butterfat | IL-6: n-3 PUFA ↓ hsCRP: NS | 30 subjects used supplementary medication such as antihypertension and proton pump inhibitors Incomplete dietary records | [82] |
 |  | Iso-caloric diet consisted of 30% en fat, 15% protein and 55% en carbohydrate | SAT gene expression of CCL2, CCL3, H1F1A and TGFB1: n-3 PUFA ↓ |  |  |
 |  |  | EPA- and DHA-derived eicosanoids synthesis in SAT and VAT: n-3 PUFA ↑ |  |  |
Abdominally overweight/ obese: 51 (40/11) | Parallel: 8-week | ALA: 11 g/day flaxseed oil Control: habitual diet | IL-6, TNF-α, CRP: NS |  | [83] |
ALA: 27 (21/6) Control: 24 (19/5) | Â | Iso-caloric diet (~2000Â kcal) with a balance of SFA and MUFA intake | Â | Â | Â |