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Table 1 Acute effects of the amount of dietary fats on inflammatory response in obese or overweight individuals

From: Modulation of obesity-induced inflammation by dietary fats: mechanisms and clinical evidence

Subjects: n (F/M)

Postprandial duration

Test meal

Inflammatory response in overweight/obese individuals

Remarks

References

Lean: 10 (-/10) Obese: 10 (-/10) T2DM: 10 (-/10)

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 h

HFM: 57.5 g fat (29 g SFA)

A bacon and egg muffin, 2 hash browns, caramel flavored milk drink (250 ml of 4% fat milk, 4 teaspoons skim milk powder and 1 teaspoon caramel flavor)

IL-6, hsCRP: HFM ↑ over time; NS

TNF-α: =; NS

Total adiponectin: HFM ↑ over time; NS

HMW adiponectin: =; NS

Sample size was calculated based on the changes of adiponectin, but not other markers

[62]

  

Water (control)

 

Small sample size

 

Lean: 14 (14/-); obese: 15 (15/-)

0, 1, 4, 6 h

SFA: 71 g fat (18 g palmitate)

Instant potato with 16 g cream/kg body weight, 100 ml hot water

IL-6: ↓ at 1 h, ↑ at 6 h; NS

IL-8, TNF-α: =; NS

Timing of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive usage were not taken into account

[16]

  

MUFA: 72 g fat (9 g palmitate )

Instant potato with 0.6 g/kg body weight of olive oil, 160 ml hot water

 

Subjects with hypertension and dyslipidemia were included

 
  

n-6 PUFA:72 g fat (5 g palmitate)

Instant potato with 0.6 g/kg body weight of canola oil, 160 ml hot water

 

Test meals were not iso-caloric

Small sample size.

 
  

LFM–potato: 12 g fat (3 g palmitate)

Instant potato, 160 ml hot water.

   
  

LFM – bran: 13 g fat (3 g palmitate)

All-Bran, 40 ml trim milk, and 2 cooked eggs

   
  

*test meals for obese subjects only

   

Obese: 38 (-/38)

0, 4, 8 h

60 g fat/m2 body surface

Eggs, cheese, toast, peanut 7, whipped cream, peaches and milk

IL-6: ↑ at 6 h

TNF-α: ↓ at 4 h

Control not included

[63]

Overweight: 15 (2/13)

0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 h

82 g fat (36.9 g SFA)

Fried potatoes, fried eggs, Emmenthal cheese, Italian rose-shaped dinner rolls, with 500 ml of low sugar content beverage

IL-6, TNF-α: ↑ over time

Small sample size

Control not included

Short postprandial period

[64]

Lean: 10 (5/5); Obese: 8 (5/3)

0, 1, 2, 3 h

HFM, 60 g fat

Big Mac, large French fries, a large Coke, and apple pie

ROS generation and NF-κB binding : ↑ over time

Small sample size

Short postprandial period

Control not included

[15]

  1. HFM, high fat meal; LFM, low fat meal; SFA, saturated fats; MUFA, monounsaturated fats; PUFA, polyunsaturated fats; % en, percentage energy; IL, interleukin; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor- alpha; sICAM-1, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1; sVCAM-1, soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1; HMW, high molecular weight; AUC, area under the curve; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-β; ↓, reduced postprandial concentrations; ↑, increased postprandial concentrations; =, no postprandial/after meal effect; ↑↑, higher postprandial increment compared to other meals; NS, no significant difference between meals.