From: Modulation of obesity-induced inflammation by dietary fats: mechanisms and clinical evidence
Subjects: n (F/M) | Postprandial duration | Test meal | Inflammatory response in overweight/obese individuals | Remarks | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lean: 10 (-/10) Obese: 10 (-/10) T2DM: 10 (-/10) | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 h | HFM: 57.5 g fat (29 g SFA) A bacon and egg muffin, 2 hash browns, caramel flavored milk drink (250 ml of 4% fat milk, 4 teaspoons skim milk powder and 1 teaspoon caramel flavor) | IL-6, hsCRP: HFM ↑ over time; NS TNF-α: =; NS Total adiponectin: HFM ↑ over time; NS HMW adiponectin: =; NS | Sample size was calculated based on the changes of adiponectin, but not other markers | [62] |
 |  | Water (control) |  | Small sample size |  |
Lean: 14 (14/-); obese: 15 (15/-) | 0, 1, 4, 6 h | SFA: 71 g fat (18 g palmitate) Instant potato with 16 g cream/kg body weight, 100 ml hot water | IL-6: ↓ at 1 h, ↑ at 6 h; NS IL-8, TNF-α: =; NS | Timing of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive usage were not taken into account | [16] |
 |  | MUFA: 72 g fat (9 g palmitate ) Instant potato with 0.6 g/kg body weight of olive oil, 160 ml hot water |  | Subjects with hypertension and dyslipidemia were included |  |
 |  | n-6 PUFA:72 g fat (5 g palmitate) Instant potato with 0.6 g/kg body weight of canola oil, 160 ml hot water |  | Test meals were not iso-caloric Small sample size. |  |
 |  | LFM–potato: 12 g fat (3 g palmitate) Instant potato, 160 ml hot water. |  |  |  |
 |  | LFM – bran: 13 g fat (3 g palmitate) All-Bran, 40 ml trim milk, and 2 cooked eggs |  |  |  |
 |  | *test meals for obese subjects only |  |  |  |
Obese: 38 (-/38) | 0, 4, 8 h | 60 g fat/m2 body surface Eggs, cheese, toast, peanut 7, whipped cream, peaches and milk | IL-6: ↑ at 6 h TNF-α: ↓ at 4 h | Control not included | [63] |
Overweight: 15 (2/13) | 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 h | 82 g fat (36.9 g SFA) Fried potatoes, fried eggs, Emmenthal cheese, Italian rose-shaped dinner rolls, with 500 ml of low sugar content beverage | IL-6, TNF-α: ↑ over time | Small sample size Control not included Short postprandial period | [64] |
Lean: 10 (5/5); Obese: 8 (5/3) | 0, 1, 2, 3 h | HFM, 60 g fat Big Mac, large French fries, a large Coke, and apple pie | ROS generation and NF-κB binding : ↑ over time | Small sample size Short postprandial period Control not included | [15] |