| Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | < 50 years (n = 1,405) | ≥ 50 years (n = 904) | p value | Postmenopausal (n = 1,758) | Premenopausal (n = 868) | p value |
Age (years) | 30.4 ± 0.3 | 61.3 + 0.4 | <0.001 | 30.5 ± 0.3 | 62.9 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
Current smoker (%) | 45.8 | 33.1 | <0.001 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 0.663 |
Heavy drinker (%) | 22.2 | 33.0 | <0.001 | 5.4 | 2.2 | 0.001 |
Residential area (Urban,%) | 82.3 | 67.3 | <0.001 | 83.0 | 63.9 | <0.001 |
Household income (Q1,%) | 12.4 | 23.2 | <0.001 | 10.8 | 33.7 | <0.001 |
Education level (≥10 years,%) | 75.7 | 47.2 | <0.001 | 73.2 | 19.7 | <0.001 |
Physical activity (%) | Â | Â | 0.483 | Â | Â | 0.042 |
Low | 29.6 | 29.9 | Â | 39.2 | 37.9 | Â |
Moderate | 41.2 | 38.4 | Â | 43.0 | 38.5 | Â |
High | 29.2 | 31.7 | Â | 17.8 | 23.6 | Â |
Dietary supplement (yes,%) | 74.7 | 70.2 | 0.06 | 68.7 | 61.6 | 0.007 |
Height (cm) | 170.7 ± 0.3 | 167.2 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 159.1 ± 0.2 | 152.7 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 68.8 ± 0.4 | 66.3 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | 55.8 ± 0.3 | 56.8 ± 0.3 | 0.021 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 0.1 | 23.7 ± 0.1 | 0.264 | 22.0 ± 0.1 | 24.3 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 80.6 ± 0.3 | 85.2 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | 73.0 ± 0.4 | 82.6 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L)* | 268.9(260.0-278.1) | 231.6(226.5-236.9) | <0.001 | 207.0(202.1-212.0) | 250.4(245.3-255.6) | <0.001 |
Ferritin (ng/mL)* | 81.8(77.8-85.9) | 92.5(85.8-99.7) | 0.007 | 22.2(21.0-23.4) | 55.2(51.2-59.5) | <0.001 |
Serum 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 17.7 ± 0.3 | 20.9 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | 15.8 ± 0.3 | 18.3 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
Calcium intake (mg/day) | 588.0 ± 11.6 | 589.8 ± 14.1 | 0.918 | 481.1 ± 8.7 | 434.0 ± 11.7 | <0.001 |
Phosphorus intake (mg/day) | 1435.3 ± 20.0 | 1337.5 ± 19.9 | <0.001 | 1079.8 ± 12.9 | 968.6 ± 20.1 | <0.001 |
Calcium/phosphorus ratio* | 0.38(0.37-0.39) | 0.40(0.39-0.41) | 0.005 | 0.41(0.40-0.42) | 0.39(0.37-0.41) | 0.017 |
Bone mass density (g/cm2) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Whole body | 1.16 ± 0.01 | 1.16 ± 0.01 | 0.861 | 1.10 ± 0.01 | 1.00 ± 0.01 | <0.001 |
Lumbar | 0.94 ± 0.01 | 0.96 ± 0.01 | 0.196 | 0.95 ± 0.01 | 0.81 ± 0.01 | <0.001 |
Femoral neck | 0.85 ± 0.01 | 0.76 ± 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.76 ± 0.01 | 0.63 ± 0.01 | <0.001 |