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Table 5 Changes in eating behaviors in men and women

From: Gender differences in the long-term effects of a nutritional intervention program promoting the Mediterranean diet: changes in dietary intakes, eating behaviors, anthropometric and metabolic variables

 

Men

Women

Gender effect

Time effect

Gender x time interaction

Variables

Mean

SD

% Change vs. Baseline

Mean

SD

% Change vs. Baseline

 

P

P

P

Dietary restraint

      

0.07

0.88

0.83

  Baseline

5.9

3.2

-

6.9

4.1

-

   

  T = 3 months

7.4

3.9

25.4*

7.6

3.9

10.1

   

  T = 6 months

8.0

4.7

35.6*

7.3

3.3

5.8

   

  T = 9 months

8.4

5.2

42.4*

7.4

3.5

7.2

   

Flexible restraint

      

0.10

0.41

0.55

  Baseline

1.9

1.4

-

2.4

1.6

-

   

  T = 3 months

2.4

1.5

26.3*

2.8

1.6

16.7

   

  T = 6 months

2.7

1.7

42.1*

2.8

1.4

16.7

   

  T = 9 months

3.0

1.9

57.9*

2.8

1.5

16.7

   

Rigid restraint

      

0.43

0.88

0.19

  Baseline

1.7

1.3

-

1.8

1.7

-

   

  T = 3 months

1.8

1.5

5.9

1.9

1.6

5.6

   

  T = 6 months

2.2

1.9

29.4*

1.8

1.4

0.0

   

  T = 9 months

2.2

1.8

29.4*

1.9

1.5

5.6

   

Disinhibition

      

0.11

0.58

0.42

  Baseline

6.0

2.8

-

6.2

2.8

-

   

  T = 3 months

4.9

2.3

−18.3*

5.3

3.0

−14.5

   

  T = 6 months

4.9

2.2

−18.3*

5.3

2.6

−14.5

   

  T = 9 months

4.8

2.2

−20.0*

5.4

3.0

−12.9

   

Habitual susceptibility to disinhibition

      

0.03

0.75

0.39

  Baseline

0.7

1.0

-

0.7

1.0

-

   

  T = 3 months

0.4

0.8

−42.9*

0.6

1.0

−14.3

   

  T = 6 months

0.4

0.6

−42.9*

0.4

0.8

−42.9

   

  T = 9 months

0.2

0.4

−71.4*

0.4

0.8

−42.9

   

Situational susceptibility to disinhibition

      

0.09

0.77

0.80

  Baseline

3.0

1.4

-

2.5

1.5

-

   

  T = 3 months

2.3

1.3

−23.3*

2.0

1.5

−20.0

   

  T = 6 months

2.3

1.5

−23.3*

2.1

1.4

−16.0

   

  T = 9 months

2.2

1.5

−26.7*

2.1

1.6

−16.0

   

Emotional susceptibility to disinhibition

      

0.23

0.22

0.75

  Baseline

0.7

1.0

-

1.6

1.2

-

   

  T = 3 months

0.7

1.0

0.0

1.2

1.2

−25.0*

   

  T = 6 months

0.7

0.9

0.0

1.2

1.2

−25.0

   

  T = 9 months

0.7

1.0

0.0

1.2

1.2

−25.0

   

Hunger

      

0.32

0.81

0.64

  Baseline

4.8

3.0

-

4.2

2.8

-

   

  T = 3 months

3.3

2.4

−31.3*

3.0

2.7

−28.6*

   

  T = 6 months

3.5

2.7

−27.1*

3.0

2.5

−28.6*

   

  T = 9 months

3.4

3.0

−29.2*

3.2

2.8

−23.8

   

Internal hunger

      

0.53

0.68

0.35

  Baseline

1.9

1.8

-

1.6

1.6

-

   

  T = 3 months

1.2

1.4

−36.8*

0.9

1.4

−43.8*

   

  T = 6 months

1.3

1.5

−31.6*

1.0

1.6

−37.5

   

  T = 9 months

1.2

1.7

−36.8*

1.1

1.6

−31.3

   

External hunger

      

0.57

0.66

0.12

  Baseline

1.9

1.5

-

1.8

1.4

-

   

  T = 3 months

1.1

1.3

−42.1*

1.4

1.3

−22.2

   

  T = 6 months

1.4

1.4

−26.3

1.1

1.1

−38.9*

   

  T = 9 months

1.4

1.4

−26.3*

1.4

1.2

−22.2

   
  1. For T = 0, T = 3, T = 6 and T = 9 months, n =63, 57, 49, 44 men and n =59, 50, 45, 44 women, respectively.
  2. In men, T = 0: flexible restraint and internal hunger, n =60 and external hunger, n =62; T = 3 months: dietary restraint, flexible restraint and rigid restraint, disinhibition and habitual susceptibility to disinhibition, internal and external hunger, n =56; T = 6 months: flexible restraint and external hunger, n =48; T = 9 months: habitual susceptibility to disinhibition and external hunger, n =43.
  3. In women, T = 0: flexible restraint, habitual susceptibility to disinhibition, internal and external hunger, n =58 and rigid restraint, n =57; T = 3 months: flexible restraint and internal and external hunger, n =49 and rigid restraint, n =48; T = 6 months: flexible restraint and habitual susceptibility to disinhibition, n =43 and rigid restraint and external hunger, n =44; T = 9 months: rigid restraint, n =43.
  4. SD: Standard deviation.
  5. * P ≤0.05; Significant change within the same gender.
  6. P ≤0.10; Trend for a significant change within the same gender.