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Table 2 Changes in dietary intakes in men and women

From: Gender differences in the long-term effects of a nutritional intervention program promoting the Mediterranean diet: changes in dietary intakes, eating behaviors, anthropometric and metabolic variables

 

Men

Women

Gender effect

Time effect

Gender x time interaction

Gender effect adjusted for baseline value

Variables

Mean

SD

% Change vs. Baseline

Mean

SD

% Change vs. Baseline

 

P

P

P

P

Energy intake (kcal)

      

0.38

0.99

0.84

0.02

  Baseline

3065

896

-

2457

571

-

    

  T = 3 months

2768

713

−9.7*

2335

527

−5.0

    

  T = 6 months

2757

752

−10.0*

2284

497

−7.0

    

  T = 9 months

2759

636

−10.0*

2329

470

−5.2

    

Energy density (kcal/g)£

      

0.02

0.43

0.11

0.71

  Baseline

1.32

0.24

-

1.21

0.17

-

    

  T = 3 months

1.21

0.23

−8.3*

1.19

0.17

−1.7

    

  T = 6 months

1.25

0.21

−5.3*

1.16

0.17

−4.1

    

  T = 9 months

1.26

0.21

−4.5*

1.20

0.17

−0.8

    

% Carbohydrates

      

0.03

0.81

0.74

0.44

  Baseline

42.2

5.3

-

44.5

5.8

-

    

  T = 3 months

44.1

5.8

4.5*

44.8

5.5

0.7

    

  T = 6 months

43.9

6.3

4.0*

44.9

5.4

0.9

    

  T = 9 months

44.4

6.0

5.2*

44.9

5.6

0.9

    

Total dietary fibers (g)

      

0.003

0.008

0.90

0.0005

  Baseline

27.2

9.4

-

25.6

6.3

-

    

  T = 3 months

32.8

10.8

20.6*

28.1

7.5

9.8*

    

  T = 6 months

30.1

10.7

10.7*

25.1

6.0

−2.0

    

  T = 9 months

30.6

11.9

12.5*

25.2

6.2

−1.6

    

% Proteins

      

0.99

0.04

0.67

0.40

  Baseline

18.3

2.5

-

17.8

2.8

-

    

  T = 3 months

18.4

2.8

0.5

17.9

2.9

0.6

    

  T = 6 months

18.0

3.0

−1.6

17.6

2.3

−1.1

    

  T = 9 months

17.9

2.6

−2.2

17.1

2.6

−3.9

    

% Lipids

      

0.01

0.76

0.66

0.25

  Baseline

36.8

4.8

-

35.1

4.5

-

    

  T = 3 months

34.6

5.3

−6.0*

34.6

5.2

−1.4

    

  T = 6 months

34.8

5.2

−5.4*

34.3

4.8

−2.3

    

  T = 9 months

35.1

4.9

−4.6*

35.1

4.8

0.0

    

% MUFA

      

0.07

0.76

0.21

0.58

  Baseline

15.5

2.8

-

14.6

2.7

-

    

  T = 3 months

15.1

2.9

−2.6

15.1

3.4

3.4

    

  T = 6 months

15.2

2.9

−1.9

14.5

2.4

−0.7

    

  T = 9 months

14.9

2.7

−3.9*

15.1

3.3

3.4

    

% PUFA

      

0.93

0.004

0.94

0.10

  Baseline

6.2

1.5

-

5.9

1.4

-

    

  T = 3 months

6.8

1.6

9.7*

6.3

1.4

6.8*

    

  T = 6 months

6.4

1.5

3.2

5.8

1.1

−1.7

    

  T = 9 months

6.5

1.5

4.8

5.9

1.2

0.0

    

% SFA

      

0.002

0.0002

0.67

0.004

  Baseline

12.2

2.7

-

11.8

1.7

-

    

  T = 3 months

10.1

2.4

−17.2*

10.5

2.0

−11.0*

    

  T = 6 months

10.6

2.4

−13.1*

11.4

2.5

−3.4

    

  T = 9 months

11.0

2.4

−9.8*

11.5

2.1

−2.5

    

% Trans

      

0.13

0.05

0.33

0.73

  Baseline

1.4

0.4

-

1.3

0.3

-

    

  T = 3 months

1.1

0.4

−21.4*

1.1

0.4

−15.4*

    

  T = 6 months

1.2

0.5

−14.3*

1.1

0.3

−15.4

    

  T = 9 months

1.3

0.3

−7.1*

1.1

0.3

−15.4

    

% Alcohol

      

0.63

0.14

0.76

0.62

  Baseline

2.7

2.4

-

2.7

2.3

-

    

  T = 3 months

2.9

2.6

7.4

2.7

2.1

0.0

    

  T = 6 months

3.3

3.1

22.2*

3.1

2.4

14.8

    

  T = 9 months

2.6

2.4

−3.7

2.9

2.8

7.4

    
  1. For T = 0, T = 3, T = 6 and T = 9 months, n =64, 57, 50, 44 men and n =59, 51, 46, 44 women, respectively.
  2. SD: Standard deviation.
  3. MUFA: Monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFA: Saturated fatty acids; Trans: Trans fatty acids.
  4. *P ≤0.05; Significant change within the same gender.
  5. P ≤0.10; Trend for a significant change within the same gender.
  6. £Including caloric foods and drinks.