Characteristic | Group 1 (n = 19) | Group 2 (n = 16) | Group 3 (n = 16) | Group 4 (n = 18) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 52.16 (11.69) | 50.37 (8.52) | 55.56 (9.42) | 55.61 (6.77) |
Anthropometry | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Body weight (kg) | 59.73 (6.76) | 66.22 (5.68) | 79.55 (12.58)a, b | 79.61 (13.85)a, b |
BMI (kg.m-2) | 23.09 (21.7-24.6) | 24.86 (23.5-26.6)a | 30.21 (27.5-32.0)a, b | 30.84 (26.0-36.3)a, b |
BMI categories | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Healthy weight (18.5-24.9Â kg.m-2) | 17 (90%) | 8 (50%) | 0 | 1 (6%) |
Overweight (25–29.9 kg.m-2) | 2 (10%) | 8 (50%) | 10 (62%) | 8 (44%) |
Obese (> 30Â kg.m-2) | 0 | 0 | 6 (38%) | 9 (50%) |
Waist circumference (cm) | 74.05 (4.65) | 83.20 (2.54)a | 95.18 (6.56)a, b | 97.45 (10.57)a, b |
Percentage body fat (%) | 31.15 (3.69) | 33.41 (3.08) | 40.37 (3.04)a, b | 40.19 (5.21)a, b |
Fat free mass (kg) | 40.978 (3.59) | 44.08 (4.19) | 47.22 (5.77)a | 47.12 (5.37)a |
Blood pressure | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 114.74 (15.57) | 117.00 (9.39) | 119.09 (9.98) | 125.92 (13.49) |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.29 (9.96) | 75.69 (4.79) | 78.50 (8.73) | 80.56 (7.91) |
Hypertensive (BP >130/85Â mmHg) | 4 (21%) | 2 (13%) | 5 (31%) | 9 (50%) |
Anti-hypertensive medication | 2 (10%) | 2 (13%) | 4 (25%) | 6 (33%) |
Lipid profile | Â | Â | Â | Â |
TC (mmol.L-1) | 5.24 (0.98) | 5.33 (1.09) | 4.61 (0.53) | 5.33 (0.93) |
Dyslipidemia (TC > 5.2 mmol.L-1) | 9 (47) | 9 (56) | 3 (19) | 9 (50) |
HDLC (mmol.L-1) | 1.83 (0.41) | 1.89 (0.51) | 1.62 (0.36) | 1.40 (0.41)a, b |
LDLC (mmol.L-1) | 2.98 (0.78) | 3.13 (1.32) | 2.38 (0.67) | 3.11 (0.89) |
TG (mmol.L-1) | 0.92 (0.68-1.09) | 1.07 (0.7-1.4) | 1.16 (0.8-1.6) | 1.46 (1.0-1.8)a, b |
Cholesterol medications | 0 | 1 (6%) | 3 (19%) | 0 |
Glucose metabolism | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Fasting glucose (mg.dL-1) | 4.72 (4.3-5.0) | 4.81 (4.7-5.0) | 4.86 (4.6-5.2) | 5.32 (4.8-5.5)a, b, c |
Fasting insulin (mU.L-1) | 6.73 (5.5-6.9) | 7.30 (5.7-9.8) | 8.38 (7.3-9.6) | 14.49 (11.6-19.4)a, b, c |
Hyperinsulinemia (>12Â mU.L-1) | 0 | 0 | 1 (6%) | 14 (78%) |
Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | 1.42 (1.1-1.8) | 1.61 (1.2-2.1) | 1.81 (1.4-2.1) | 3.43 (2.5-4.2)a, b, c |
HBA1c (mmol.mol-1) | 35.21 (33.0-38.0) | 35.25 (33.5-37.0) | 35.75 (34.0-37.0) | 38.39 (33.5-41.0)a, b |
Glucose medications | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Inflammatory marker | Â | Â | Â | Â |
CRP (mg.L-1) | 1.53 (1.0-1.8) | 1.89 (1.0-2.2) | 2.09 (1.1-2.4) | 4.98 (1.4-7.0)a, b, c |
Metabolic syndrome | 0 | 3 (19%) | 5 (31%) | 12 (67%) |