Low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet score and risk of incident cancer; a prospective cohort study

Nutrition Journal

Table 3 Associations between low-carbohydrate, high-protein (LCHP) score and incident all-cause and site-specific cancer in subgroups of participants in the Västerbotten Intervention Programme based on metabolic risk profile, saturated fat intake, and energy reporting

Cancer type	Sex	nCases	HR¹(95% CI)	HR¹(95% CI)	p-heterogeneity²
Metabolic risk profile³		low/high	Low	High
All cancer	Men	1,251/371	1.00 (0.98-1.02)	0.99 (0.95-1.02)	0.668
	Women	1,182/355	1.00 (0.98-1.02)	1.00 (0.97-1.03)	1.000
Prostate cancer	Men	549/108	1.00 (0.97-1.02)	0.98 (0.93 -1.03)	0.513
Breast cancer	Women	468/113	1.00 (0.97-1.02)	1.02 (0.97-1.07)	0.509
Colorectal cancer	Men	142/42	0.98 (0.93-1.02)	1.02 (0.94-1.11)	0.419
	Women	110/35	0.97 (0.92-1.02)	1.04 (0.95-1.14)	0.193
Saturated fat intake ⁴		low/high	Low	High
All cancer	Men	817/705	1.00 (0.99-1.02)	1.00 (0.98-1.01)	1.000
	Women	845/692	1.01 (0.99-1.02)	1.00 (0.98-1.02)	0.493
Prostate cancer	Men	375/282	1.01 (0.98-1.03)	0.99 (0.96-1.02)	0.363
Breast cancer	Women	320/261	1.01 (0.98-1.04)	0.99 (0.96-1.02)	0.363
Colorectal cancer	Men	89/95	1.00 (0.95-1.06)	0.97 (0.92-1.02)	0.418
	Women	83/62	1.03 (0.98-1.09)	0.92 (0.87-0.98)	0.003
Energy reporting ⁵		adequate/inadequate	adequate	inadequate
All cancer	Men	548/846	1.00 (0.97-1.02)	1.00 (0.98-1.02)
	Women	440/996	1.00 (0.98-1.03)	1.00 (0.98-1.01)	1.000
Prostate cancer	Men	250/353	1.00 (0.97-1.03)	1.00 (0.97-1.03)	1.000
Breast cancer	Women	192/360	0.98 (0.95-1.02)	1.01 (0.98-1.04)	1.000
Colorectal cancer	Men	59/108	1.01 (0.94-1.08)	1.00 (0.94-1.04)	0.172
	Women	33/103	1.03 (0.94-1.12)	0.96 (0.92-1.01)	0.837

¹ Hazard ratios per 1-point increase in LCHP score, determined by Cox regression and adjusted for age strata, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, lack of postsecondary education, current smoking, and intake of energy, alcohol, and saturated fat. Saturated fat intake was not included as a covariate in the subgroup analysis based on saturated fat.
² Comparison of subgroup HR by Chi-square test.
³ Metabolic risk profile defined as having at least one of (high), versus none of (low), obesity, diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance.
⁴ Stratified at sex-specific medians.
⁵ Defined according to the Goldberg cut-off, modified as described previously [19].

ISSN: 1475-2891