Skip to main content

Table 2 Associations between low-carbohydrate, high-protein (LCHP) score and incident all-cause and site-specific cancer in Västerbotten Intervention Programme participants

From: Low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet score and risk of incident cancer; a prospective cohort study

Cancer type

Sex

LCHP score1

n

Model 12,3

 

Model 22,4

 

Cases

HR (95% CI)

p-trend5

HR (95% CI)

p-trend5

All cancer sites

Men

low

545

1

 

1

 

n = 3,059

 

medium

650

1.12 (1.00-1.25)

 

1.10 (0.97-1.23)

 
  

high

327

1.01 (0.88-1.16)

0.678

0.97 (0.83-1.12)

0.973

 

Women

low

525

1

 

1

 
  

medium

596

1.00 (0.89-1.13)

 

1.00 (0.89-1.13)

 
  

high

416

1.01 (0.89-1.15)

0.776

1.00 (0.86-1.15)

0.777

Prostate cancer

Men

low

256

1

 

1

 

n = 657

 

medium

266

1.02 (0.86-1.21)

 

1.01 (0.85-1.21)

 
  

high

135

0.98 (0.79-1.21)

0.671

0.97 (0.78-1.22)

0.588

Breast cancer

Women

low

195

1

 

1

 

n = 581

 

medium

232

1.03 (0.85-1.24)

 

1.04 (0.85-1.28)

 
  

high

154

0.96 (0.78-1.19)

0.761

1.00 (0.79-1.27)

0.924

<49 y at diagnosis

Women

low

30

1

 

1

 

n = 104

 

medium

49

1.15 (0.73-1.81)

 

1.26 (0.77-2.06)

 
  

high

25

0.85 (0.50-1.45)

0.948

1.04 (0.57-1.89)

0.343

>55 y at diagnosis

Women

low

73

1

 

1

 

n = 184

 

medium

71

1.03 (0.74-1.42)

 

1.07 (0.76-1.50)

 
  

high

40

0.96 (0.65-1.41)

0.975

1.02 (0.67-1.55)

0.707

Colorectum

Men

low

66

1

 

1

 

n = 329

 

medium

75

1.08 (0.78-1.51)

 

1.02 (0.72-1.44)

 
  

high

43

1.12 (0.76-1.65)

0.949

1.00 (0.66-1.52)

0.511

 

Women

low

53

1

 

1

 
  

medium

58

1.02 (0.70-1.48)

 

0.99 (0.67-1.47)

 
  

high

34

0.88 (0.57-1.36)

0.625

0.83 (0.52-1.34)

0.459

Respiratory tract

Men

low

19

1

 

1

 

n = 143

 

medium

42

2.10 (1.22-3.61)

 

1.84 (1.05-3.23)

 
  

high

18

1.64 (0.86-3.14)

0.044

1.24 (0.62-2.47)

0.381

 

Women

low

18

1

 

1

 
  

medium

27

1.38 (0.76-2.51)

 

1.42 (0.76-2.66)

 
  

high

19

1.39 (0.72-2.65)

0.261

1.37 (0.67-2.82)

0.328

Urinary tract

Both sexes

low

40

1

 

1

 

n = 116

 

medium

47

1.11 (0.73-1.69)

 

1.11 (0.72-1.73)

 
  

high

29

1.11 (0.69-1.81)

0.591

1.15 (0.68-1.94)

0.552

Non-Hodgkins lymphoma

Both sexes

low

44

1

 

1

 

n = 111

 

medium

40

0.83 (0.54-1.28)

 

0.92 (0.59-1.44)

 
  

high

27

0.90 (0.56-1.46)

0.902

1.10 (0.65-1.88)

0.400

Malignant melanoma

Both sexes

low

34

1

 

1

 

n = 105

 

medium

50

1.21 (0.78-1.87)

 

1.22 (0.77-1.93)

 
  

high

21

0.76 (0.44-1.31)

0.475

0.76 (0.42-1.37)

0.509

Endometrium

Women

low

30

1

 

1

 

n = 103

 

medium

41

1.25 (0.78-2.01)

 

1.35 (0.83-2.21)

 
  

high

32

1.42 (0.86-2.34)

0.268

1.60 (0.92-2.79)

0.161

Ovary

Women

low

24

1

 

1

 

n = 72

 

medium

28

1.03 (0.59-1.78)

 

1.01 (0.57-1.79)

 
  

high

20

1.07 (0.59-1.94)

0.710

0.99 (0.51-1.92)

0.927

Leukemia

Both sexes

low

25

1

 

1

 

n = 70

 

medium

23

0.82 (0.46-1.44)

 

0.78 (0.43-1.40)

 
  

high

22

1.20 (0.67-2.14)

0.476

1.14 (0.60-2.15)

0.601

Pancreas

Both sexes

low

25

1

 

1

 

n = 70

 

medium

28

1.03 (0.60-1.76)

 

0.88 (0.50-1.55)

 
  

high

17

0.99 (0.53-1.84)

0.771

0.77 (0.39-1.50)

0.584

Stomach

Both sexes

low

24

1

 

1

 

n = 69

 

medium

33

1.27 (0.75-2.16)

 

1.35 (0.78-2.35)

 
  

high

12

0.74 (0.37-1.49)

0.301

0.84 (0.40-1.79)

0.526

Multiple myeloma

Both sexes

low

23

1

 

1

 

n = 63

 

medium

29

1.13 (0.66-1.96)

 

0.94 (0.53-1.68)

 
  

high

11

0.68 (0.33-1.40)

0.692

0.51 (0.24-1.10)

0.211

Renal cell

Both sexes

low

21

1

 

1

 

n = 50

 

medium

21

0.92 (0.50-1.69)

 

0.89 (0.47-1.68)

 
  

high

8

0.56 (0.25-1.27)

0.174

0.54 (0.23-1.30)

0.162

  1. 1 LCHP scores were calculated separately for FFQ version and sex, and categorized into roughly equally sized groups: low (2–8 points), medium (9–13 points) and high (14–20 points).
  2. 2 Hazard ratios were determined by Cox regression analyses.
  3. 3 Including age strata.
  4. 4 Further adjusted for obesity, sedentary lifestyle, lack of postsecondary education, current smoking, and intake of energy, alcohol, and saturated fat.
  5. 5 p-trend were calculated per 1-point increase in LCHP score.