Table 1 Baseline characteristics of Västerbotten Intervention Programme participants according to low-carbohydrate, high-protein (LCHP) score

Men

Age at recruitment, years

9,811

50 (40–60)

12,909

50 (40–51)

8,677

40 (40–50)

≤0.001

Follow-up time, years

9,811

9.4 (6.4-12.7)

12,909

9.6 (6.1-12.8)

8,677

9.6 (5.2-13.1)

0.206

BMI, kg/m ²

9,811

25.4 (23.7-27.5)

12,909

25.6 (23.8-27.8)

8,677

26.1 (24.1-28.4)

≤0.001

Current smokers

9,672

1,579 (16.3)

12,728

2,218 (17.4)

8,546

1,672 (19.6)

≤0.001

No postsecondary education

9,753

7,811 (80.1)

12,844

9,957 (77.5)

8,626

6,587 (76.4)

≤0.001

Sedentary lifestyle³

9,551

6,633 (69.4)

12,599

8,731 (69.3)

8,371

5,860 (70.0)

0.540

Energy intake, kcal/day

9,811

2,002 (1,672-2,397)

12,909

2,001 (1,667-2,410)

8,677

2,004 (1,672-2,415)

0.475

Ethanol intake, g/day

9,811

4.3 (1.1-7.5)

12,909

4.9 (1.8-8.3)

8,677

5.3 (2.2-8.6)

≤0.001

Carbohydrate intake,% of energy

9,811

53.5 (50.7-56.6)

12,909

48.1 (44.7-51.0)

8,677

43.6 (40.6-46.2)

≤0.001

Whole grain intake,% of energy

9,811

16.5 (12.2-30.0)

12,909

15.3 (11.1-19.7)

8,677

13.3 (9.4-17.3)

≤0.001

Sucrose intake,% of energy

9,811

8.3 (6.3-10.8)

12,909

6.2 (4.6-8.0)

8,677

4.8 (3.5-6.3)

≤0.001

Protein intake,% of energy

9,811

12.8 (11.9-13.7)

12,909

14.4 (13.3-15.4)

8,677

16.2 (15.3-17.3)

≤0.001

Animal protein intake,% of energy

9,811

8.3 (7.3-9.1)

12,909

10.2 (9.3-11.0)

8,677

12.4 (11.5-13.6)

≤0.001

Plant protein intake,% of energy

9,811

4.5 (3.9-5.2)

12,909

4.1 (3.5-4.7)

8,677

3.7 (3.2-4.2)

≤0.001

Fat intake,% of energy

9,811

32.7 (29.4-36.0)

12,909

36.7 (32.9-41.1)

8,677

39.4 (36.4-42.7)

≤0.001

Saturated fat intake,% of energy

9,811

13.5 (11.7-15.4)

12,909

15.4 (13.4-17.7)

8,677

16.6 (14.9-18.5)

≤0.001

Unsaturated fat intake,% of energy

9,811

18.9 (17.0-20.9)

12,909

21.1 (18.8-23.7)

8,677

22.6 (20.7-24.8)

≤0.001

Women

Age at recruitment, years

9,985

50 (40–60)

12,430

50 (40–50)

8,770

50 (40–50)

≤0.001

Follow-up time, years

9,985

9.7 (6.7-12.8)

12,430

9.9 (6.6-13.0)

8,770

9.9 (5.9-13.2)

0.206

BMI, kg/m ²

9,985

24.4 (22.3-27.2)

12,430

24.4 (22.2-27.2)

8,770

24.7(22.4-27.8)

≤0.001

Current smokers

9,903

1,661 (16.8)

12,319

2,325 (18.9)

8,708

2,152 (24.7)

≤0.001

No postsecondary education

9,913

6,827 (68.9)

12,357

8,612 (69.7)

8,712

6,189 (71.0)

0.005

Sedentary lifestyle³

9,749

6,419 (65.8)

12,116

8,121 (67.0)

8,445

5,884 (69.7)

≤0.001

Energy intake, kcal/day

9,985

1,509 (1,273-1,787)

12,430

1,531 (1,294-1,815)

8,770

1,510 (1,268-1,806)

≤0.001

Ethanol intake, g/day

9,985

1.8 (0.1-3.4)

12,430

1.9 (0.2-3.8)

8,770

2.0 (0.2-4.0)

≤0.001

Protein intake,% of energy

9,985

13.4 (12.4-14.2)

12,430

14.9 (13.9-15.8)

8,770

16.7 (15.8-17.8)

≤0.001

Animal protein intake,% of energy

9,985

8.4 (7.5-9.3)

12,430

10.3 (9.5-11.1)

8,770

12.6 (11.6-13.7)

≤0.001

Plant protein intake,% of energy

9,985

4.9 (4.3-5.5)

12,430

4.5 (3.9-5.0)

8,770

4.1 (3.6-4.6)

≤0.001

Carbohydrate intake,% of energy

9,985

56.4 (53.8-59.3)

12,430

51.3 (48.3-53.8)

8,770

47.0 (44.2-49.4)

≤0.001

Whole grain intake,% of energy

9,985

18.4 (13.5-23.6)

12,430

16.7 (12.3-21.4)

8,770

14.4 (10.3-18.9)

≤0.001

Sucrose intake,% of energy

9,985

7.9 (6.2-10.0)

12,430

6.4 (5.0-7.9)

8,770

5.2 (4.0-6.6)

≤0.001

Fat intake,% of energy

9,985

29.1 (25.9-32.2)

12,430

33.0 (29.4-37.1)

8,770

35.5 (32.7-38.7)

≤0.001

Saturated fat intake,% of energy

9,985

11.8 (10.2-13.5)

12,430

13.7 (11.9-15.8)

8,770

14.9 (13.4-16.7)

≤0.001

Unsaturated fat intake,% of energy

9,985

17.1 (15.3-19.0)

12,430

19.1 (17.1-21.5)

8,770

20.4 (18.6-22.4)

≤0.001