Long-term effects of low-fat diets either low or high in protein on cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 Pooled estimates of effect size (95% confidence intervals) expressed as weighted mean difference for the effects of HP vs. LP diets on cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors

Outcomes	No. of studies	Participants	WMD	95% CI	p-values	Inconsistency I²
Weight (kg)	13	971	-0.39	[-1.43, 0.65]	0.46	0%
WC (cm)	8	727	-0.98	[-3.32, 1.37]	0.41	72%
FM (kg)	10	913	-0.59	[-1.32, 0.13]	0.11	0%
TC (mg/dl)	12	1251	-2.51	[-7.74, 2.71]	0.35	32%
LDL-C (mg/dl)	13	1522	1.58	[-5.36, 8.53]	0.66	79%
HDL-C (mg/dl)	14	1563	0.90	[-0.09, 1.89]	0.08	0%
TG (mg/dl)	14	1563	-2.87	[-11.13, 5.38]	0.49	21%
DBP (mmHg)	11	1402	-0.42	[-1.37, 0.54]	0.39	0%
SBP (mmHg)	11	1414	-1.61	[-3.45, 0.23]	0.09	41%
CRP (mg/dl)	4	222	0.22	[-0.36, 0.79]	0.46	0%
FG (mg/dl)	11	1357	-0.63	[-1.93, 0.67]	0.34	0%
FI (μIU/ml)	11	1086	-0.71	[-1.36, -0.05]	0.03	0%
HbA1c (%)	3	431	0.07	[-0.17, 0.31]	0.55	0%

CI, confidence intervalls, CRP, high-sensitive-C reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FG, fasting glucose; FI, fasting insulin; FM, fat mass; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol, TG, triacyglycerols; WC, waist circumference; WMD, weighted mean difference.

ISSN: 1475-2891