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Table 5 Maternal dietary intake of nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamines and oral cleft defects in offspring

From: Maternal dietary intake of nitrates, nitrites and nitrosamines and selected birth defects in offspring: a case-control study

  

Unadjusted odds ratios (95% CI)

Adjusted odds ratios* (95% CI)

 

Outcome

Quartile 1 vs Quartile 2

Quartile 1 vs Quartile 3

Quartile 1 vs Quartile 4

Quartile 1 vs Quartile 2

Quartile 1 vs Quartile 3

Quartile 1 vs Quartile 4

Nitrate

      
 

Cleft lip only

1.00 (0.80-1.26)

0.85 (0.67-1.08)

0.90 (0.71-1.14)

1.01 (0.80-1.28)

0.89 (0.68-1.15)

1.01 (0.76-1.33)

 

Cleft lip with cleft plate

1.05 (0.88-1.25)

0.93 (0.77-1.11)

0.89 (0.74-1.07)

1.07 (0.89-1.28)

0.96 (0.79-1.16)

0.90 (0.73-1.13)

 

Cleft palate only

1.02 (0.83-1.24)

0.99 (0.81-1.20)

0.98 (0.81-1.20)

1.06 (0.86-1.29)

1.05 (0.85-1.30)

1.15 (0.91-1.46)

 

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate

1.04 (0.89-1.20)

0.90 (0.77-1.05)

0.89 (0.77-1.04)

1.04 (0.90-1.22)

0.93 (0.79-1.09)

0.93 (0.78-1.12)

Nitrite

      
 

Cleft lip only

0.82 (0.64-1.04)

0.94 (0.75-1.19)

0.92 (0.73-1.17)

0.85 (0.67-1.08)

1.03 (0.80-1.33)

1.11 (0.81-1.51)

 

Cleft lip with cleft plate

0.99 (0.82-1.19)

1.04 (0.86-1.25)

1.25 (1.04-1.49)

1.02 (0.85-1.24)

1.02 (0.84-1.25)

1.12 (0.88-1.42)

 

Cleft palate only

0.82 (0.67-0.99)

0.87 (0.72-1.06)

0.83 (0.69-1.01)

0.85 (0.70-1.04)

0.97 (0.79-1.20)

1.02 (0.78-1.32)

 

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate

0.92 (0.79-1.08)

1.00 (0.86-1.16)

1.12 (0.97-1.30)

0.95 (0.81-1.11)

1.02 (0.86-1.20)

1.10 (0.91-1.35)

Animal Nitrite

      
 

Cleft lip only

0.98 (0.77-1.24)

0.92 (0.72-1.17)

1.12 (0.89-1.42)

1.00 (0.78-1.27)

1.00 (0.78-1.29)

1.32 (1.01-1.72)

 

Cleft lip with cleft plate

1.03 (0.86-1.24)

1.01 (0.84-1.21)

1.24 (1.04-1.48)

1.06 (0.88-1.28)

1.03 (0.85-1.24)

1.22 (0.99-1.49)

 

Cleft palate only

0.86 (0.71-1.05)

0.90 (0.74-1.10)

0.87 (0.72-1.06)

0.89 (0.73-1.08)

0.97 (0.79-1.19)

1.01 (0.80-1.27)

 

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate

1.01 (0.87-1.18)

0.97 (0.84-1.14)

1.20 (1.04-1.39)

1.03 (0.88-1.21)

1.01 (0.86-1.19)

1.24 (1.05-1.48)

Plant Nitrite

      
 

Cleft lip only

1.02 (0.81-1.29)

1.05 (0.83-1.32)

0.91 (0.71-1.15)

1.09 (0.85-1.39)

1.15 (0.89-1.50)

1.04 (0.74-1.46)

 

Cleft lip with cleft plate

0.98 (0.82-1.17)

0.92 (0.77-1.11)

1.16 (0.98-1.39)

1.03 (0.85-1.24)

0.95 (0.77-1.16)

0.98 (0.76-1.27)

 

Cleft palate only

0.92 (0.75-1.12)

1.03 (0.85-1.24)

0.84 (0.69-1.03)

0.97 (0.79-1.19)

1.15 (0.93-1.43)

1.01 (0.76-1.33)

 

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate

1.00 (0.86-1.16)

0.97 (0.83-1.12)

1.07 (0.92-1.24)

1.05 (0.89-1.23)

1.02 (0.86-1.20)

1.00 (0.81-1.24)

Nitrosamine

      
 

Cleft lip only

0.74 (0.58-0.94)

0.72 (0.56-0.92)

1.02 (0.81-1.27)

0.87 (0.69-1.09)

0.99 (0.78-1.26)

0.85 (0.64-1.13)

 

Cleft lip with cleft plate

0.89 (0.74-1.06)

0.89 (0.74-1.06)

0.93 (0.78-1.11)

0.90 (0.75-1.08)

0.95 (0.78-1.15)

0.89 (0.71-1.10)

 

Cleft palate only

0.85 (0.70-1.03)

0.86 (0.71-1.05)

0.77 (0.64-0.94)

0.78 (0.64-0.95)

0.85 (0.69-1.05)

0.88 (0.69-1.11)

 

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate

0.83 (0.72-0.97)

0.83 (0.71-0.96)

0.96 (0.83-1.11)

0.89 (0.76-1.03)

0.96 (0.82-1.13)

0.87 (0.73-1.04)

  1. *Logistic regression models adjusted for energy intake, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal education, dietary folate intake, and study center.
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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