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Table 3 Maternal dietary intake of nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamines and neural tube defects in offspring

From: Maternal dietary intake of nitrates, nitrites and nitrosamines and selected birth defects in offspring: a case-control study

  

Unadjusted odds ratios (95% CI)

Adjusted odds ratios* (95% CI)

 

 Outcome

Quartile 1 vs Quartile 2

Quartile 1 vs Quartile 3

Quartile 1 vs Quartile 4

Quartile 1 vs Quartile 2

Quartile 1 vs Quartile 3

Quartile 1 vs Quartile 4

Nitrate

       
 

anencephaly

0.93 (0.68-1.27)

0.72 (0.52-1.01)

0.90 (0.66-1.23)

0.97 (0.71-1.34)

0.81 (0.56-1.17)

0.99 (0.67-1.45)

 

spina bifida

0.93 (0.74-1.16)

0.96 (0.77-1.20)

0.77 (0.61-0.97)

0.93 (0.73-1.17)

0.98 (0.77-1.26)

0.78 (0.59-1.04)

 

encephalocele

0.80 (0.48-1.32)

1.00 (0.62-1.60)

0.74 (0.45-1.24)

0.75 (0.45-1.26)

0.87 (0.52-1.48)

0.59 (0.32-1.08)

Total Nitrite

      
 

anencephaly

0.83 (0.59-1.18)

1.11 (0.80-1.54)

1.31 (0.96-1.79)

0.82 (0.57-1.18)

1.04 (0.73-1.49)

1.06 (0.69-1.64)

 

spina bifida

0.96 (0.76-1.22)

1.08 (0.86-1.36)

1.18 (0.94-1.48)

0.96 (0.76-1.23)

1.02 (0.79-1.32)

1.00 (0.73-1.38)

 

encephalocele

1.00 (0.60-1.66)

0.95 (0.56-1.59)

1.20 (0.74-1.97)

0.97 (0.57-1.64)

0.83 (0.47-1.47)

0.96 (0.49-1.89)

Animal Nitrite

      
 

anencephaly

1.01 (0.72-1.43)

1.27 (0.92-1.76)

1.27 (0.91-1.75)

1.00 (0.71-1.42)

1.22 (0.86-1.73)

1.12 (0.76-1.67)

 

spina bifida

1.07 (0.85-1.34)

1.16 (0.92-1.46)

1.07 (0.85-1.35)

1.06 (0.83-1.34)

1.12 (0.88-1.43)

1.00 (0.75-1.33)

 

encephalocele

0.59 (0.34-1.02)

0.88 (0.54-1.43)

1.04 (0.66-1.66)

0.59 (0.34-1.03)

0.86 (0.51-1.44)

0.98 (0.55-1.74)

Plant Nitrite

      
 

anencephaly

1.13 (0.81-1.56)

0.87 (0.62-1.23)

1.26 (0.92-1.73)

1.18 (0.84-1.66)

0.86 (0.59-1.26)

0.95 (0.60-1.50)

 

spina bifida

0.95 (0.75-1.19)

0.82 (0.65-1.05)

1.14 (0.92-1.43)

0.94 (0.74-1.20)

0.81 (0.62-1.05)

0.90 (0.65-1.24)

 

encephalocele

1.02 (0.61-1.71)

1.23 (0.75-2.02)

1.05 (0.63-1.76)

0.99 (0.58-1.70)

1.04 (0.59-1.82)

0.61 (0.30-1.25)

Nitrosamine

      
 

anencephaly

1.01 (0.73-1.40)

1.10 (0.80-1.52)

1.03 (0.74-1.43)

1.10 (0.78-1.55)

1.18 (0.82-1.68)

1.06 (0.70-1.60)

 

spina bifida

0.81 (0.65-1.03)

0.87 (0.69-1.09)

0.98 (0.78-1.22)

0.82 (0.64-1.04)

0.85 (0.66-1.10)

0.91 (0.69-1.21)

 

encephalocele

0.98 (0.60-1.60)

0.79 (0.47-1.33)

1.03 (0.63-1.68)

1.01 (0.60-1.68)

0.82 (0.47-1.46)

1.13 (0.60-2.11)

  1. * Logistic regression models adjusted for energy intake, maternal race/ethnicity, dietary folate intake, folic acid supplementation, and dietary fat intake.