Nutrients | Smokers | Non-Smokers | Â | Smokers | Non-smokers | Â | Â | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P-value | % below AMDR†| P-value | AMDR†| |
Energy (kJ) | 15664.9 | 7723.7 | 14673.3 | 6962.2 | 0.66 | 21.7 | 15.9 | 0.50 | 7536 |
% energy carbohydrate | 48.7 | 12.7 | 45.3 | 12.8 | 0.29 | 30.4 | 34.8 | 0.80 | 45-65 |
% energy from fat | 27.1 | 6.8 | 28.2 | 7.6 | 0.35 | 17.4 | 17.4 | 1.00 | 20-35 |
% energy protein | 15.3 | 5.9 | 15.5 | 5.5 | 0.72 | 15.9 | 21.7 | 0.50 | 10-35 |
 | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P-value | % below EAR * | P-value | EAR * | |
Carbohydrate (g) | 436.0 | 218.0 | 384.0 | 237.0 | 0.17 | - | - | - | - |
Fat (g) | 110.0 | 59.0 | 104.0 | 53.0 | 0.87 | - | - | - | - |
Protein (g) | 140.0 | 80.0 | 130.0 | 67.0 | 0.78 | - | - | - | - |
Sugar (g) | 237.0 | 130.0 | 202.0 | 186.0 | 0.08 | - | - | - | - |
Fibre (g)‡ | 22.7 | 14.7 | 22.4 | 10.9 | 0.84 | 65.2 | 69.6 | 0.80 | 25.0‡ |
Poly-unsaturated fat (g) | 17.1 | 11.3 | 16.3 | 8.1 | 1.0 | - | - | - | - |
Omega 3 (g) | 1.8 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 0.9 | - | - | - | - |
Omega 6 (g) | 16.7 | 14.6 | 16.4 | 8.4 | 0.36 | - | - | - | - |
Cholesterol (mg) | 460.0 | 237.0 | 426.0 | 242.0 | 0.4 | - | - | - | ALAP§ |
Alcohol | 67.1 | 128.3 | 75.5 | 145.0 | 0.79 | - | - | - | - |
% energy from alcohol | 9.3 | 14.8 | 11.5 | 19.7 | 0.85 | - | - | - | - |
Vitamin BI (mg) | 2.6 | 1.4 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 0.79 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 1.00 | 0.9 |
Vitamin B2 (mg) | 4.4 | 2.1 | 4.4 | 3.1 | 0.35 | 69.0 | 23.0 | 0.44 | 0.9 |
Vitamin B3 (mg) | 39.1 | 20.8 | 41.4 | 32.9 | 0.81 | 1.5 | 4.4 | - | 11.0 |
Vitamin B5 (mg)‡ | 10.8 | 5.4 | 9.2 | 4.8 | 0.24 | 21.7 | 7.3 | 0.11 | 53.0‡ |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.9 | 1.7 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 0.91 | 5.8 | 17.4 | 0.10 | 1.1 |
Vitamin B-12 (μg) | 14.2 | 10.4 | 16.8 | 13.6 | 0.65 | 0 | 1.5 | 1.00 | 2.0 |
Folate (μg) || | 469.0 | 249.0 | 417.0 | 154.0 | 0.48 | 30.4 | 39.1 | 0.45 | 320.0 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 261.0 | 214.0 | 219.0 | 279.0 | 0.15 | 10.1 | 17.4 | 0.45 | 60.0 |
Vitamin A (RAE) (μg) ∞ | 421.0 | 324.0 | 418.0 | 330.0 | 0.97 | 26.1 | 30.4 | 0.79 | 500.0 |
Vitamin D (μg) | | 275.0 | 259.0 | 232.0 | 183.0 | 0.34 | 76.8 | 73.9 | 0.78 | 10.0 |
Vitamin E (mg) ¶ | 3.2 | 6.6 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 0.13 | 97.1 | 100.0 | 1.00 | 12.0 |
Magnesium (g)‡ | 394.0 | 173.0 | 358.0 | 148.0 | 0.32 | 23.2 | 34.8 | 0.28 | 265.0‡ |
Potassium (g)‡ | 4.3 | 1.9 | 3.8 | 1.6 | 0.31 | 63.8 | 69.6 | 0.8 | 4.7‡ |
Sodium (mg)‡ | 5.12 | 2.9 | 5.06 | 2.9 | 0.92 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 1.00 | 1.5‡ |
Iron (mg) | 26.4 | 16.2 | 23.0 | 12.3 | 0.54 | 7.3 | 4.4 | 1.00 | 8.1 |
Calcium (mg) | 1442.4 | 921.6 | 1295.6 | 743.9 | 0.44 | 39.1 | 23.2 | 0.20 | 800.0 |
Selenium (μg) | 177.0 | 107.0 | 146.0 | 74.1 | 0.31 | 4.4 | 0.0 | 0.57 | 45.0 |
Zinc (mg) | 20.0 | 11.2 | 18.1 | 10.0 | 0.53 | 5.8 | 13.0 | 0.17 | 6.8 |