Table 1 The effects of palmvitee supplementation on plasma tocopherol and tocotrienol, α ₁ -antitrypsin in serum and urine cotinine levels in smokers and nonsmokers

Placebo, n = 27

Palmvitee, n = 29

Placebo, n = 28

Palmvitee,n = 30

11.67 ± 3.19

11.75 ± 2.27

11.58 ± 3.19

11.39 ± 3.06

10.42 ± 2.17

14.22 ± 3.61*

10.27 ± 3.33

13.92 ± 4.17**

11.52 ± 2.94

14.56 ± 3.06*

11.53 ± 2.78

14.11 ± 3.89**

Tocotrienol (ng/ml)

62.49 ± 6.69

63.60 ± 5.67

60.05 ± 6.39

59.49 ± 4.21

63.50 ± 7.87

656.25 ± 142.50*

61.27 ± 3.62

570.22 ± 98.64**

60.65 ± 7.13

675.16 ± 150.00*

60.47 ± 3.00

587.68 ± 87.50**

CCR, ( μg/mg creatinine)

n = 16

n = 19

n = 21

n = 20

0.052 ± 0.017

0.046 ± 0.017

0.927 ± 0.734#

0.941 ± 0.700#

0.058 ± 0.030

0.047 ± 0.017

0.866 ± 0.754#

1.179 ± 0.738#

α ₁ -antitripsin(g/L serum)

n = 16

n = 19

n = 28

n = 30

1.48 ± 0.31

1.49 ± 0.34

1.99 ± 0.43#

1.94 ± 0.31#

1.47 ± 0.20

1.45 ± 0.24

1.69 ± 0.37

1.75 ± 0.39