Impact of dietary fiber intake on glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors and chronic kidney disease in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Fukuoka Diabetes Registry

Table 4 Multiple logistic analysis between chronic kidney disease and dietary fiber intake

		Odds ratio	p for trend
Albuminuria ≥30 mg/g	Model	0.92 [0.88-0.95]	<0.0001
	Model + obesity	0.93 [0.89-0.96]	<0.0001
	Model + elevated blood pressure	0.93 [0.89-0.96]	<0.0001
	Model + metabolic syndrome	0.93 [0.89-0.96]	<0.0001
eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m²	Model	0.94 [0.90-0.98]	0.006
	Model + obesity	0.95 [0.90-0.99]	0.015
	Model + elevated blood pressure	0.95 [0.91-0.99]	0.019
	Model + metabolic syndrome	0.95 [0.91-0.99]	0.027
Chronic kidney disease	Model	0.93 [0.90-0.96]	<0.0001
	Model + obesity	0.94 [0.90-0.97]	0.0005
	Model + elevated blood pressure	0.94 [0.91-0.97]	0.0009
	Model + metabolic syndrome	0.94 [0.91-0.98]	0.0011

Obesity: BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2; Elevated waist circumference, waist circumference ≥90 cm in males and ≥80 cm in females; Elevated blood pressure, systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg and/or the use of antihypertensive drugs; Elevated triglyceride, fasting serum triglyceride ≥1.69 mmol/l and/or the use of triglyceride-lowering drugs; Low HDL cholesterol, fasting serum HDL cholesterol <1.03 mmol/l in males and <1.29 mmol/l in females. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the definition of “Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome.” Model, multivariate adjustments with age, sex, duration of diabetes, current smoking habits, current drinking habits, total energy intake, fat intake, saturated fatty acid intake, protein intake, leisure time physical activity and use of oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin.

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