| |
Men
|
Women
|
|---|
| |
All confirmed vegetarians, pescetarians and low meat consumers from the total cohort
|
Random sample of meat consumers from the total cohort
| |
Self-reported vegetarians
|
All confirmed vegetarians, pescetarians and low meat consumers from the total cohort
|
Random sample of meat consumers from the total cohort
| |
Self reported vegetarians
|
|---|
| |
Vegetarian
|
Pescetarian
|
1 day/wk
|
2–5 day/wk
|
6–7 day/wk
| | |
Vegetarian
|
Pescetarian
|
1 day/wk
|
2–5 day/wk
|
6–7 day/wk
| | |
|---|
| |
n = 217
|
n = 152
|
n = 482
|
n = 1326
|
n = 2973
|
P
b
|
n = 416
|
n = 485
|
n = 242
|
n = 914
|
n = 1639
|
n = 2676
|
P
b
|
n = 734
|
|---|
|
Energy (kcal)
|
1985 ± 515
|
2082 ± 540
|
1926 ± 548
|
2042 ± 494
|
2215 ± 501
|
<0.001
|
2018 ± 521
|
1575 ± 413
|
1581 ± 427
|
1571 ± 464
|
1646 ± 393
|
1723 ± 395
|
<0.001
|
1625 ± 420
|
|
Food groups (g/day)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Vegetables
|
235 ± 100
|
248 ± 107
|
207 ± 105
|
189 ± 83
|
193 ± 84
|
<0.001
|
245 ± 102
|
225 ± 101
|
250 ± 103
|
211 ± 111
|
195 ± 82
|
193 ± 81
|
<0.001
|
246 ± 101
|
|
Fruit
|
227 ± 156
|
238 ± 188
|
177 ± 144
|
162 ± 120
|
149 ± 109
|
<0.001
|
229 ± 159
|
252 ± 157
|
235 ± 145
|
214 ± 143
|
193 ± 120
|
192 ± 119
|
<0.001
|
246 ± 143
|
|
Pulses
|
28.0 ± 43.7
|
27.0 ± 34.2
|
16.7 ± 23.7
|
10.1 ± 14.3
|
8.9 ± 12.2
|
<0.001
|
25.8 ± 38.0
|
17.0 ± 26.9
|
17.8 ± 27.2
|
12.3 ± 20.2
|
7.4 ± 9.4
|
6.3 ± 9.1
|
<0.001
|
16.9 ± 21.8
|
|
Grains
|
18.0 ± 25.4
|
19.0 ± 26.8
|
8.4 ± 14.8
|
2.4 ± 7.2
|
1.3 ± 4.9
|
<0.001
|
16.1 ± 23.1
|
16.7 ± 20.8
|
17.3 ± 13.0
|
7.8 ± 13.0
|
2.8 ± 6.2
|
2.0 ± 5.6
|
<0.001
|
16.1 ± 19.6
|
|
Nuts and seeds
|
8.3 ± 15.0
|
12.4 ± 22.4
|
8.2 ± 16.0
|
6.9 ± 14.4
|
8.0 ± 13.6
|
<0.001
|
8.6 ± 16.6
|
6.8 ± 11.7
|
7.1 ± 9.8
|
6.1 ± 12.3
|
4.2 ± 10.1
|
4.3 ± 8.1
|
<0.001
|
7.8 ± 11.9
|
|
Soy products
|
17.7 ± 29.6
|
19.6 ± 33.1
|
9.2 ± 23.6
|
0.9 ± 6.0
|
0.5 ± 5.6
|
<0.001
|
18.2 ± 28.7
|
14.7 ± 34.6
|
21.4 ± 17.1
|
5.6 ± 17.2
|
0.7 ± 4.6
|
0.6 ± 5.3
|
<0.001
|
16.6 ± 50.4
|
|
Meat and fish intake
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Total fresh meat
|
0
|
0
|
16.4 ± 16.7
|
80.3 ± 32.2
|
119 ± 39
|
<0.001
|
10.4 ± 27.5
|
0
|
0
|
15.4 ± 15.1
|
73.5 ± 29.7
|
109 ± 36.1
|
<0.001
|
6.7 ± 18.0
|
|
Total fresh red meat
|
0
|
0
|
11.4 ± 12.6
|
68.9 ± 31.3
|
107 ± 39
|
<0.001
|
7.6 ± 23.6
|
0
|
0
|
9.7 ± 9.6
|
61.4 ± 28.8
|
96.0 ± 35.8
|
<0.001
|
4.4 ± 13.7
|
|
Beef
|
0
|
0
|
2.8 ± 4.6
|
20.8 ± 19.2
|
32.5 ± 26.3
|
<0.001
|
2.5 ± 9.9
|
0
|
0
|
2.8 ± 5.3
|
18.8 ± 17.3
|
29.4 ± 25.1
|
<0.001
|
1.5 ± 5.8
|
|
Pork
|
0
|
0
|
3.9 ± 5.8
|
27.9 ± 22.7
|
47.0 ± 30.6
|
<0.001
|
2.5 ± 10.1
|
0
|
0
|
2.9 ± 4.6
|
24.8 ± 20.5
|
43.0 ± 29.8
|
<0.001
|
1.3 ± 6.3
|
|
Minced meat
|
0
|
0
|
3.11 ± 5.6
|
15.7 ± 14.0
|
22.1 ± 18.9
|
<0.001
|
2.2 ± 7.5
|
0
|
0
|
2.8 ± 4.9
|
13.9 ± 12.7
|
19.3 ± 16.8
|
<0.001
|
1.2 ± 5.0
|
|
Liver
|
0
|
0
|
0.8 ± 3.7
|
1.9 ± 4.4
|
2.3 ± 4.8
|
<0.001
|
0.1 ± 0.6
|
0
|
0
|
0.5 ± 1.8
|
1.7 ± 3.8
|
1.9 ± 4.2
|
<0.001
|
0.2 ± 1.2
|
|
Chicken
|
0
|
0
|
5.6 ± 10.2
|
12.6 ± 14.3
|
13.9 ± 15.4
|
<0.001
|
2.8 ± 9.6
|
0
|
0
|
6.0 ± 11.6
|
12.9 ± 14.9
|
14.1 ± 16.5
|
<0.001
|
2.5 ± 8.6
|
|
Processed meat
|
0
|
0
|
4.6 ± 8.8
|
12.7 ± 14.6
|
18.1 ± 17.7
|
<0.001
|
1.9 ± 7.5
|
0
|
0
|
3.3 ± 8.3
|
8.4 ± 9.5
|
11.8 ± 12.4
|
<0.001
|
0.9 ± 4.5
|
|
Fish
|
0
|
32.0 ± 42.5
|
18.4 ± 27.2
|
17.0 ± 20.3
|
13.0 ± 15.0
|
<0.001
|
11.6 ± 23.3
|
0
|
23.9 ± 27.1
|
14.7 ± 23.5
|
13.8 ± 16.4
|
10.8 ± 13.1
|
<0.001
|
8.6 ± 16.6
|
|
Dairy products
|
356 ± 225
|
342 ± 244
|
335 ± 250
|
304 ± 203
|
306 ± 212
|
<0.001
|
347 ± 232
|
358 ± 220
|
341 ± 228
|
335 ± 233
|
311 ± 198
|
295 ± 186
|
<0.001
|
356 ± 220
|
|
Fermented milk products
|
151 ± 151
|
136 ± 149
|
125 ± 141
|
90.5 ± 111
|
81.7 ± 113
|
<0.001
|
144 ± 148
|
195 ± 167
|
190 ± 176
|
157 ± 158
|
124 ± 131
|
118 ± 126
|
<0.001
|
194 ± 163
|
|
Nonfermented milk products
|
205 ± 189
|
205 ± 191
|
210 ± 216
|
214 ± 175
|
225 ± 191
|
<0.001
|
203 ± 193
|
162 ± 171
|
151 ± 161
|
177 ± 182
|
186 ± 157
|
177 ± 152
|
<0.001
|
161 ± 162
|
|
Cheese
|
42.8 ± 34.9
|
45.1 ± 34.0
|
35.9 ± 33.2
|
24.8 ± 21.0
|
23.1 ± 20.5
|
<0.001
|
40.5 ± 33.2
|
38.5 ± 24.1
|
36.0 ± 24.4
|
31.9 ± 26.2
|
22.5 ± 17.7
|
21.5 ± 17.3
|
<0.001
|
37.0 ± 26.1
|
|
Eggs
|
14.4 ± 14.1
|
16.3 ± 13.6
|
14.0 ± 12.6
|
16.5 ± 11.1
|
17.4 ± 13.0
|
<0.001
|
15.0 ± 12.8
|
13.1 ± 13.1
|
14.0 ± 11.3
|
14.0 ± 12.9
|
14.8 ± 9.2
|
14.7 ± 10.1
|
<0.001
|
14.4 ± 11.9
|
|
Alcohol
|
4.3 ± 8.3
|
11.7 ± 18.5
|
8.6 ± 13.3
|
12.4 ± 14.4
|
16.1 ± 17.4
|
<0.001
|
6.8 ± 11.0
|
2.0 ± 5.5
|
4.5 ± 8.9
|
3.7 ± 8.3
|
5.6 ± 9.1
|
6.2 ± 10.2
|
<0.001
|
3.1 ± 7.0
|
|
Nutrients (energy percent)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Fat total
|
40.7 ± 12.9
|
38.6 ± 13.4
|
44. 6 ± 17.9
|
43.3 ± 12.6
|
40.6 ± 11.0
|
<0.001
|
40.5 ± 12.5
|
41.8 ± 17.2
|
40.4 ± 16.3
|
43.7 ± 17.5
|
42.2 ± 12.5
|
41.3 ± 11.3
|
<0.001
|
40.2 ± 14.3
|
|
Mono unstaturated fat
|
13.5 ± 5.1
|
13.0 ± 5.2
|
15.6 ± 6.9
|
16.0 ± 5.1
|
15.5 ± 4.5
|
<0.001
|
13.7 ± 4.9
|
13.8 ± 6.6
|
13.5 ± 6.2
|
15.0 ± 6.6
|
15.5 ± 5.0
|
15.6 ± 4.6
|
<0.001
|
13.4 ± 5.4
|
|
Polyunsaturated fat
|
9.3 ± 4.4
|
9.5 ± 4.0
|
10.0 ± 5.2
|
9.5 ± 4.1
|
8.2 ± 3.7
|
<0.001
|
9.2 ± 4.0
|
8.9 ± 4.8
|
9.1 ± 4.8
|
9.6 ± 5.3
|
8.8 ± 4.2
|
8.1 ± 3.6
|
<0.001
|
8.7 ± 4.3
|
|
Saturated fat
|
16.3 ± 5.8
|
15.5 ± 6.0
|
17.7 ± 7.0
|
16.8 ± 5.2
|
15.9 ± 4.7
|
<0.001
|
16.1 ± 5.6
|
17.4 ± 7.2
|
16.3 ± 6.6
|
17.9 ± 7.4
|
17.0 ± 5.3
|
16.6 ± 4.9
|
<0.001
|
16.5 ± 6.2
|
|
Protein total
|
15.4 ± 4.2
|
15.9 ± 5.2
|
16.2 ± 5.7
|
15.4 ± 4.6
|
14.7 ± 4.2
|
<0.001
|
15.8 ± 4.4
|
16.4 ± 5.1
|
17.4 ± 5.8
|
16.5 ± 5.6
|
16.3 ± 4.9
|
16.4 ± 4.7
|
0.05
|
16.4 ± 4.7
|
|
Plant protein
|
8.7 ± 2.6
|
8.3 ± 3.2
|
7.8 ± 3.0
|
6.0 ± 1.8
|
5.2 ± 1.6
|
<0.001
|
8.4 ± 2.8
|
8.2 ± 2.8
|
8.5 ± 3.9
|
7.3 ± 2.8
|
5.8 ± 1.8
|
5.3 ± 1.6
|
<0.001
|
8.0 ± 2.7
|
|
Animal protein
|
6.8 ± 3.2
|
7.6 ± 3.8
|
8.5 ± 3.9
|
9.5 ± 3.4
|
9.7 ± 3.2
|
<0.001
|
7.4 ± 3.5
|
8.2 ± 3.9
|
9.0 ± 3.9
|
9.3 ± 4.0
|
10.6 ± 3.7
|
11.3 ± 3.7
|
<0.001
|
8.5 ± 3.7
|
|
Plant:animal ratio
|
42.0 ± 584
|
1.5 ± 1.5
|
1.1 ± 0.8
|
0.7 ± 0.3
|
0.6 ± 0.2
|
<0.001
|
22.5 ± 421
|
1.4 ± 4.1
|
0.8 ± 10.2
|
0.9 ± 1.3
|
0.6 ± 0.6
|
0.5 ± 0.2
|
<0.001
|
1.2 ± 2.7
|
|
Carbohydrates total
|
57.8 ± 15.7
|
52.5 ± 16.0
|
57.7 ± 20.7
|
48.9 ± 14.0
|
42.0 ± 12.0
|
<0.001
|
55.0 ± 15.4
|
56.0 ± 17.3
|
55.0 ± 18.1
|
54.9 ± 19.2
|
47.3 ± 12.6
|
42.7 ± 11.6
|
<0.001
|
53.0 ± 15.3
|
|
Mono- disacharides
|
27.8 ± 10.4
|
22.4 ± 9.0
|
25.9 ± 12.0
|
22.6 ± 8.6
|
19.4 ± 7.8
|
<0.001
|
23.7 ± 9.4
|
25.9 ± 10.3
|
24.9 ± 10.7
|
25.8 ± 11.2
|
22.6 ± 7.7
|
20.3 ± 7.4
|
<0.001
|
24.5 ± 9.4
|
|
Polysacharides
|
31.9 ± 8.6
|
28.7 ± 9.90
|
31.2 ± 11.6
|
26.1 ± 8.1
|
22.5 ± 6.9
|
<0.001
|
30.1 ± 8.8
|
29.0 ± 9.8
|
28.9 ± 9.9
|
28.7 ± 10.9
|
24.7 ± 7.6
|
22.4 ± 6.7
|
<0.001
|
27.5 ± 8.5
|
- Values are means ± SD.
-
aExcluding prevalent cancer cases at baseline.
-
bP values are derived from one way anova comparing the five meat consumption groups (vegetarian, pescetarian, 1 day/wk-, 2–5 day/wk-, and 6–7 day/wk meat consumers).
