Table 1 Input parameters of the model

1

Vitamin D serum concentration model

1.1

 25(OH)D concentration

Varies per month and per federal state of Germany [nmol/L]; average: 45 nmol/L

Brown et al [27].

1.2

 Vitamin D intake through food

Varies per gender; mean average men: 3.4 μg and mean average women: 2.8 μg per day

Brown et al [27].

2

Carrier foodstuff consumption

2.1

Bread

Men/Women

National Nutritional Survey II [34]

  5^th percentile

46 g/43 g

  Mean intake

180 g/134 g

  95^th percentile

377 g/270 g

2.2

Milk

Men/Women

National Nutritional Survey II [34]

  5^th percentile

16 g/22 g

  Mean intake

222 g/203 g

  95^th percentile

712 g/555 g

2.3

Juice

Men/Women

National Nutritional Survey II [34]

  5^th percentile

0 g/0 g

  Mean intake

270 g/232 g

  95^th percentile

1,200 g/1,000 g

3

Intake recommendation or 25(OH)D recommendation

3.1

Intake recommendation

  IOM

15 μg

IOM [31]

  DGE

20 μg

DGE [32]

  Upper Limit (UL)

100 μg

IOM [31]

3.2.

Recommended 25(OH)D conc.

  IOM

50 nmol/L

IOM [31]

  Bischoff-Ferrari et al.,

75 nmol/L

Bischoff-Ferrari et al [24],

  Domarus et al.

Domarus et al [23].

4

Others

4.1

 Conversion factor fortified food to 25(OH)D serum increase

2.32 nmol/L per 1 μg

O’Donnell [33]