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Table 5 Logistic regression analyses of factors associated with energy intakes below the EER, excessive carbohydrate and insufficient fat intakes

From: Food consumption patterns and associated factors among Vietnamese women of reproductive age

 

Energy intake below EERa

Excessive carbohydrate intakeb

Insufficient fat intakec

 

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

Participant characteristics

      

Age

NAd

 

0.97 (0.96, 0.99)

<0.001

0.98 (0.96, 0.99)

<0.001

Ethnicity (minority vs other)

0.91 (0.80, 1.04)

0.18

1.00 (0.88, 1.13)

0.95

0.94 (0.83, 1.07)

0.33

Occupation (farmer vs other)

NA

 

1.69 (1.36, 2.09)

<0.001

1.53 (1.24, 1.89)

<0.001

Education (Highest grade completed; ref = 0-5)

      

6-9

0.84 (0.66, 1.06)

0.14

0.63 (0.49, 0.80)

<0.001

0.64 (0.50, 0.82)

<0.001

10-12

0.97 (0.75, 1.25)

0.82

0.52 (0.40, 0.69)

<0.001

0.55 (0.42, 0.72)

<0.001

College or higher

0.95 (0.69, 1.30)

0.75

0.58 (0.41, 0.82)

0.002

0.58 (0.41, 0.81)

0.001

Household characteristics

      

Food Insecurity status (ref = moderate/severe)

      

Mild

0.89 (0.72, 1.11)

0.30

0.69 (0.56, 0.87)

0.001

0.74 (0.60, 0.93)

0.008

Secure

0.66 (0.56, 0.78)

<0.001

0.64 (0.54, 0.76)

<0.001

0.73 (0.61, 0.86)

<0.001

Socioeconomic status quintile (ref = poorest quintile)

      

Poorer

0.76 (0.62, 0.93)

0.007

0.95 (0.78, 1.15)

0.57

0.89 (0.73, 1.09)

0.25

Average

0.85 (0.69, 1.05)

0.12

0.78 (0.63, 0.96)

0.02

0.78 (0.63, 0.96)

0.02

Richer

0.63 (0.50, 0.79)

<0.001

0.58 (0.47, 0.73)

<0.001

0.62 (0.50, 0.77)

<0.001

Richest

0.50 (0.39, 0.65)

<0.001

0.46 (0.36, 0.58)

<0.001

0.49 (0.39, 0.63)

<0.001

  1. aLower actual intakes than the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER).
  2. bGreater than 65% of total energy intake.
  3. cLess than 20% of total energy intake.
  4. dAge and occupation were used to calculate EER; therefore these variables are not included in the model to predicting the odds of having energy intakes below the estimated EER.