Non-frail (n = 85) | Pre-frail (n = 79) | Frail (n = 30) | Total | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female sex† (n = 128) | 57.0 | 65.8 | 86.7 | 66.0 | 0.013a |
Age [years] ‡ | 82 (76–91) | 84 (76–94) | 86 (75–96) | 83 (75–96) | 0.000b |
Living alone (n = 122) | 50.6 | 59.5 | 80.0 | 63.3 | 0.025 |
Educational level§ | 0.005 | ||||
low (n = 83) | 42.3 | 39.2 | 53.3 | 42.8 | |
medium (n = 59) | 23.5 | 31.6 | 46.7 | 30.4 | |
high (n = 52) | 34.1 | 29.1 | 0.0 | 26.8 | |
BMI [kg/m2] | 26.7 (21.0–35.0) | 28.1 (20.9–35.3) | 26.2 (18.6–36.1) | 27.1 (18.6–36.1) | 0.11 |
MMSE [points] | 29 (25–30) | 29 (24–30) | 29 (25–30) | 29 (24–30) | 0.42 |
IADL [points] | 8.0 (5.0–8.0) | 8.0 (1.0–8.0) | 7.0 (2.0–8.0) | 8.0 (1.0–8.0) | 0.000 |
Goes shopping independently (n = 151) | 96.5 | 87.3 | 50.0 | 77.9 | 0.000 |
Cooks independently (n = 158) | 88.4 | 82.3 | 73.3 | 81.3 | 0.13 |
More than 3 medications (n = 101) | 35.7 | 51.9 | 69.0 | 52.2 | 0.005 |
CCI [points] | 0.0 (0.0–5.0) | 1.0 (0.0–3.0) | 2.0 (0.0–4.0) | 1.0 (0.0–5.0) | 0.001 |
Chewing difficulties (n = 74) | 10.7 | 26.6 | 40.0 | 38.0 | 0.001 |
Swallowing difficulties (n = 16) | 2.4 | 12.7 | 10.0 | 8.3 | 0.044 |
Energy intake [kJ/d] | 8.8 (4.4–12.6) | 8.5 (4.6–14.9) | 7.9 (3.4–13.7) | 8.5 (4.4–14.9) | 0.32 |
Energy intake [kJ/kg BW] | 0.12 (0.07–0.22) | 0.12 (0.05–0.23) | 0.13 (0.07–0.20) | 0.12 (0.05–0.23) | 0.60 |