Skip to main content

Table 1 Main characteristics of the population (n = 194)

From: Distribution but not amount of protein intake is associated with frailty: a cross-sectional investigation in the region of Nürnberg

 

Non-frail (n = 85)

Pre-frail (n = 79)

Frail (n = 30)

Total

P

Female sex (n = 128)

57.0

65.8

86.7

66.0

0.013a

Age [years]

82 (76–91)

84 (76–94)

86 (75–96)

83 (75–96)

0.000b

Living alone (n = 122)

50.6

59.5

80.0

63.3

0.025

Educational level§

    

0.005

low (n = 83)

42.3

39.2

53.3

42.8

 

medium (n = 59)

23.5

31.6

46.7

30.4

 

high (n = 52)

34.1

29.1

0.0

26.8

 

BMI [kg/m2]

26.7 (21.0–35.0)

28.1 (20.9–35.3)

26.2 (18.6–36.1)

27.1 (18.6–36.1)

0.11

MMSE [points]

29 (25–30)

29 (24–30)

29 (25–30)

29 (24–30)

0.42

IADL [points]

8.0 (5.0–8.0)

8.0 (1.0–8.0)

7.0 (2.0–8.0)

8.0 (1.0–8.0)

0.000

Goes shopping independently (n = 151)

96.5

87.3

50.0

77.9

0.000

Cooks independently (n = 158)

88.4

82.3

73.3

81.3

0.13

More than 3 medications (n = 101)

35.7

51.9

69.0

52.2

0.005

CCI [points]

0.0 (0.0–5.0)

1.0 (0.0–3.0)

2.0 (0.0–4.0)

1.0 (0.0–5.0)

0.001

Chewing difficulties (n = 74)

10.7

26.6

40.0

38.0

0.001

Swallowing difficulties (n = 16)

2.4

12.7

10.0

8.3

0.044

Energy intake [kJ/d]

8.8 (4.4–12.6)

8.5 (4.6–14.9)

7.9 (3.4–13.7)

8.5 (4.4–14.9)

0.32

Energy intake [kJ/kg BW]

0.12 (0.07–0.22)

0.12 (0.05–0.23)

0.13 (0.07–0.20)

0.12 (0.05–0.23)

0.60

  1. BW body weight, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index [12], IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living [11], MMSE Mini Mental State Examination [10].
  2. a Chi-square Test (for all categorial variables) b Kruskall-Wallis Test (all continuous variables).
  3. In percent (all categorial variables) Median (min.-max.) (all continuous variables) § “low” = elementary school or no degree; “medium” = secondary school; “high” = university entrance diploma or higher degrees.