Table 1 General demographic and clinical characteristics
From: Cocoa intake and arterial stiffness in subjects with cardiovascular risk factors
Non-consumption (n = 156) | Low consumption ≤ 1 serving/week (n = 106) | High consumption > 1 serving/week (n = 89) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 57.32 ± 11.10 | 54.11 ± 11.76 | 51.07 ± 11.57 | < 0.001 |
Male (n, %) | 93 (59.60) | 59 (55.70) | 67 (75.30) | 0.012 |
Female (n,%) | 63 (40.40) | 47(44.30) | 22 (24.70) | - |
Diabetes (n, %) | 58 (37.20) | 23 (21.70) | 8 (9.00) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension (n, %) | 126 (80.77) | 83 (53.21) | 64 (41.03) | 0.273 |
Obesity (BMI > 30) (n, %) | 58 (37.20) | 36 (34.00) | 20 (22.50) | 0.057 |
Dyslipidemia (n, %) | 109 (69.90) | 84 (79.20) | 75 (84.30) | 0.034 |
Smoking (n, %) | 35 (22.40) | 27 (25.50) | 23 (25.80) | 0.783 |
Antihypertensive drugs (n, %) | 84 (53.80) | 48 (45.30) | 33 (37.10) | 0.037 |
Lipid lowering drugs (n, %) | 59 (37.80) | 27 (25.50) | 14 (15.70) | 0.001 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 28.78 ± 4.61 | 28.46 ± 4.31 | 27.50 ± 3.74 | 0.082 |
Waist circumference (cm.) | 98.21 ± 12.74 | 96.83 ± 11.44 | 95.93 ± 11.74 | 0.342 |
Serum glucose (mg/dL) | 106.12 ± 36.32 | 95.42 ± 25.89 | 89.52 ± 15.74 | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 200.29 ± 40.16 | 205.41 ± 35.33 | 206.07 ± 34.59 | 0.400 |
Cardiovascular risk (Score) | 5.08 ± 6.12 | 4.16 ± 7.06 | 2.82 ± 4.39 | 0.020 |
Cardiovascular risk (D'Agostino) | 22.15 ± 15.60 | 18.68 ± 18.12 | 16.23 ± 13.66 | 0.017 |
Office SBP (mmHg) | 138.81 ± 17.17 | 138.78 ± 17.86 | 140.12 ± 16.62 | 0.822 |
Office DBP (mmHg) | 85.89 ± 10.74 | 87.09 ± 10.39 | 87.87 ± 11.27 | 0.357 |
Peripheral pulse pressure (mmHg) | 52.91 ± 13.00 | 51.68 ± 13.01 | 52.24 ± 11.45 | 0.736 |
Central SBP (mmHg) | 131.66 ± 18.35 | 130.58 ± 17.26 | 132.17 ± 19.09 | 0.820 |
Central DBP (mmHg) | 87.87 ± 11.50 | 88.05 ± 10.78 | 89.49 ± 11.73 | 0.534 |
Central Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 43.78 ± 14.12 | 42.53 ± 11.54 | 42.67 ± 12.76 | 0.696 |
24 h SBP (mmHg) | 124.12 ± 12.48 | 125.73 ± 12.64 | 127.78 ± 12.39 | 0.087 |
24 h DBP (mmHg) | 75.51 ± 9.52 | 77.47 ± 9.91 | 79.20 ± 9.35 | 0.014 |
24 h Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 48.60 ± 9.70 | 48.26 ± 9.12 | 48.58 ± 9.26 | 0.955 |
PWV (m/s) | 9.22 ± 2.15 | 8.93 ± 2.41 | 8.47 ± 1.96 | 0.039 |
C-IMT mean (mm.) | 0.74 ± 0.10 | 0.72 ± 0.11 | 0.71 ± 0.13 | 0.109 |
C-IMT maximum (mm.) | 0.91 ± 0.12 | 0.89 ± 0.13 | 0.88 ± 0.16 | 0.100 |
CAIx | 30.24 ± 11.25 | 30.84 ± 11.34 | 28.81 ± 11.11 | 0.439 |
PAIx | 94.74 ± 22.91 | 92.03 ± 17.95 | 88.43 ± 21.39 | 0.085 |
AASI | 0.38 ± 0.06 | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 0.331 |
Day AASI | 0.38 ± 0.06 | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 0.363 |
Night AASI | 0.39 ± 0.14 | 0.37 ± 0.16 | 0.39 ± 0.16 | 0.786 |
ABI | 1.07 ± 0.10 | 1.08 ± 0.11 | 1.08 ± 0.09 | 0.791 |
Total energy (Kcal/day) | 2312.80 ± 691.41 | 2487.15 ± 660.39 | 2907.62 ± 777.29 | < 0.001 |
Carbohydrates (g/day) | 259.47 ± 95.26 | 269.97 ± 82.01 | 323.36 ± 99.28 | < 0.001 |
Protein (g/day) | 101.87 ± 32.40 | 108.73 ± 30.33 | 113.29 ± 28.44 | 0.016 |
Total fat (g/day) | 87.35 ± 31.93 | 99.60 ± 36.93 | 120.11 ± 37.92 | < 0.001 |