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Table 2 Summary of recent biomarker studies on various food/dietary components

From: Dietary biomarkers: advances, limitations and future directions

Food/Dietary component

Reference

Biomarker (Sample size)

Biological sample

Analytic procedurea

Biomarker classb

Validityc,d (p value)

Reproducibilityd (p value)

Sensitivitye

Caffeine

Crews et al.(2001)

Caffeine (137X) (8 adults)

Urine (24 hr)

HPLC

Short term

   
  

Caffeine Metabolite: 17X

Urine (24 hr)

HPLC

Short term

R2=0.58*

  
  

Caffeine Metabolite : 17U

Urine (24 hr)

HPLC

Short term

R2=0.87*

  
  

Caffeine Metabolite: 1X

Urine (24 hr)

HPLC

Short term

R2=0.78*

  
  

Caffeine Metabolite: AFMU

Urine (24 hr)

HPLC

Short term

   

Citrus

Heinzmann et al. (2010)

Proline Betaine (8 adults)

Urine (24 hr)

1H NMR

Short term

R2=0.40 (<0.0001)

 

+

 

Lloyd et al. (2011)

Proline betaine (23 adults)

Urine (fasting)

FT-ICR-MS

Short term?

   
  

Hesperidin

Urine (fasting)

FT-ICR-MS

    
  

Nariruin

Urine (fasting)

FT-ICR-MS

    

Cocoa

Llorach et al. (2009)

Urinary metabolome (10 adults)

Urine

HPLC-q-TOF

Short term

   

Garlic

Verhagen et al.(2001)

S-allyl-mercapturic acid (ALMA) (101 male adults)

Urine (24 hr)

GC-MS

Short term

   

Wine

Zamora-Ros et al. (2006)

Total resveratrol metabolites (TRMs) (20 adults)

Urine (fasting)

LC-MS/MS

Short term

  

+

  

TRMs

Plasma (fasting)

LC-MS/MS

Short term

   
 

Zamora-Ros et al. (2009)

Resveratrol metabolites (1,000 adults)

Urine (fasting)

LC-MS/MS

Short term

r=0.895 (p<0.001)

 

+

 

Rotches-Ribalta et al. (2012)

Resveratrol metabolites (10 males)

Blood & Urine

LC-ESI-MS/MS

Short term

   
  1. aHPLC, High-performance liquid chromatography; 1H NMR, 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; FT-ICR-MS, Linear trap quadrupole-Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy ultra; HPLC-q-TOF, High-performance liquid chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometry; GC-MS, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; LC-MS/MS, Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; LC-ESI-MS/MS Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/multi-stage mass spectrometry.
  2. bShort term: hours/days; Medium term: weeks/months; Long term: months/years.
  3. cResults of comparsion of biomarkers to an appropriate dietary assessment method.
  4. dRepresentative values from the literature.
  5. eBiomarker is able to detect changes in intake over time or distinguish high from low consumers; + = sensitivity has been demonstrated.
  6. *Significance not reported.