From: Dietary biomarkers: advances, limitations and future directions
Food/Dietary component | Reference | Biomarker (Sample size) | Biological sample | Analytic procedurea | Biomarker classb | Validityc,d (p value) | Reproducibilityd (p value) | Sensitivitye |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caffeine | Crews et al.(2001) | Caffeine (137X) (8 adults) | Urine (24 hr) | HPLC | Short term | Â | Â | Â |
 |  | Caffeine Metabolite: 17X | Urine (24 hr) | HPLC | Short term | R2=0.58* |  |  |
 |  | Caffeine Metabolite : 17U | Urine (24 hr) | HPLC | Short term | R2=0.87* |  |  |
 |  | Caffeine Metabolite: 1X | Urine (24 hr) | HPLC | Short term | R2=0.78* |  |  |
 |  | Caffeine Metabolite: AFMU | Urine (24 hr) | HPLC | Short term |  |  |  |
Citrus | Heinzmann et al. (2010) | Proline Betaine (8 adults) | Urine (24 hr) | 1H NMR | Short term | R2=0.40 (<0.0001) | Â | + |
 | Lloyd et al. (2011) | Proline betaine (23 adults) | Urine (fasting) | FT-ICR-MS | Short term? |  |  |  |
 |  | Hesperidin | Urine (fasting) | FT-ICR-MS |  |  |  |  |
 |  | Nariruin | Urine (fasting) | FT-ICR-MS |  |  |  |  |
Cocoa | Llorach et al. (2009) | Urinary metabolome (10 adults) | Urine | HPLC-q-TOF | Short term | Â | Â | Â |
Garlic | Verhagen et al.(2001) | S-allyl-mercapturic acid (ALMA) (101 male adults) | Urine (24 hr) | GC-MS | Short term | Â | Â | Â |
Wine | Zamora-Ros et al. (2006) | Total resveratrol metabolites (TRMs) (20 adults) | Urine (fasting) | LC-MS/MS | Short term | Â | Â | + |
 |  | TRMs | Plasma (fasting) | LC-MS/MS | Short term |  |  |  |
 | Zamora-Ros et al. (2009) | Resveratrol metabolites (1,000 adults) | Urine (fasting) | LC-MS/MS | Short term | r=0.895 (p<0.001) |  | + |
 | Rotches-Ribalta et al. (2012) | Resveratrol metabolites (10 males) | Blood & Urine | LC-ESI-MS/MS | Short term |  |  |  |