Table 1 Summary of recent biomarker studies related to macronutrient foods

Carbohydrates

Cane Sugar/HFCS

Cook et al. (2009)

¹³C in blood glucose (5 young adults)

Plasma

GC-IRMS

Short term

R²=0.90 (<0.001)

Yeung et al. (2010)

¹³C (186 older adults)

Serum (fasting)

CF-SIRMS

r=0.87 (0.01)

Davy et al. (2011)

¹³C (60 adults)

Fingerstick

NA-SIMS

Medium term?

r=0.365 (<0.05)

r=0.873 (<0.001)

Sugar

Tasevska et al. (2005)

Sucrose & Fructose (12 male adults; 13 adults)

Urine (24 hr)

Enzymatic

Short term

R²= 0.888 (<0.001)

ICC 0.67ⁱ

+

Kuhnle et al. (2008)

Sucrose (7 adults)

Urine (24 hr)

GC-MS

Short term

Urine (24 hr)

LC-MS

Short term

Whole-Grain Wheat/Rye

Linko-Parvinen et al. (2007)

Enterolactone (ENL) (15 adults)

Plasma (fasting)

TR-FIA

Short term

Total Alkylreoscinol (AR) concentration

Plasma (fasting)

GC-MS

Short term

R²=0.939 (<0.05)

Erythrocyte AR

RBC (fasting)

GC-MS

Medium term?

R²=0.854 (<0.05)

Aurbertin-Leheudre et al. (2008)

Total AR concentration (56 women)

Plasma (fasting)

GC-MS

r=0.406 (0.003)

DHBA

Urine (24 hr)

HPLC

r= 0.359 (0.008)

DHPPA

Urine (24 hr)

HPLC

r= 0.402 (0.003)

Landberg et al. (2008, 2009, 2009)

DHBA, DHPPA (16 adults)

Urine (24 hr)

HPLC

Short term

Total AR concentration (30 adults; 17 males with prostate cancer)

Plasma (fasting)

GC-MS

Short term

r= 0.58 (<0.001)

ICC 0.90, 0.88ⁱ

+

Aderson et al. (2011)

Total AR concentration (51 adults)

Plasma (fasting)

GC-MS

Medium term

r=0.53 (<0.001)

r=0.38 (P<0.001)

Fats

Total Fat

King et al. (2006)

PUFA, MUFA, SFA

RBC (fasting)

1D-TLC

Long term?

+

(66 postmenopausal females)

Plasma (fasting)

1D-TLC

+

Fatty Acids

Baylin et al. (2002)

PUFA (503 older Costa Ricans)

Adipsoe tissue (fasting)

GLC

r=0.58 (<0.001)

Trans-fatty acids

Adipose tissue (fasting)

GLC

r=0.43 (<0.001)

Poppitt et al. (2005)

SFA, MUFA, PUFA

RBC (fasting)

GC

(20 male adults)

Fuhrman et al. (2006)

Oleic acid (204 female adults)

RBC (fasting)

GC

Medium term

r=0.45; 0.47* (<0.001)

Total PUFA

RBC (fasting)

GC

Medium term

r=0.17^h; 0.39* (<0.001)

Total MUFA

RBC (fasting)

GC

Medium term

r=0.40; 0.48*

(<0.001)

Total SFA

RBC (fasting)

GC

r=0.14^hi; 0.07*^hi

Thiebaut et al. (2009)

SFA, MUFA, PUFA (1,114 female adults)

Serum (fasting)

GC

Long term

r=0.16–0.29 (<0.0001)

Essential Fatty Acids (EFA)

Baylin et al. (2005)

Alpha-linolenic acid & Linoleic acid

Adipose tissue

GLC

Long term

r=0.51; 0.52** (<0.05)

(200 Costa Rican adults)

Blood (fasting)

GLC

Long term

r=0.38; 0.43** (<0.05)

Plasma (fasting)

GLC

Long term

r=0.39; 0.41** (<0.05)

Fuhrman et al. (2006)

Linoleic acid (204 female adults)

RBC (fasting)

GC

Medium term

r=0.23; 0.39* (<0.05; <0.001)

Alpha-linolenic acid

RBC (fasting)

GC

r=0.14^hi, 0.07*^hi

EPA, DHA

Kuriki et al. (2003)

EPA (15 male, 79 female Japanese dietitians)

Plasma (fasting)

GC

r=0.57; 0.60*** (<0.05; <0.001)

DHA

Plasma (fasting)

GC

r=0.57; 0.30** (<0.05; <0.01)

Harris et al. (2004)

Omega-3 Index (EPA+DHA) (57 adults)

Plasma (fasting)

GC

Long term

r=0.91(<0.001)

+

Blood (fasting)

GC

Long term

r=0.91 (<0.001)

+

O’Brien et al (2009)

¹⁵N-EPA (496 adult Eskimos)

Blood

CF-IRMS

r=0.47(<0.001)

¹⁵N-DHA

Blood

CF-IRMS

r=0.46 (<0.001)

Nash et al. (2009)

¹⁵N-EPA (144 adult Eskimos)

Hair

CF-IRMS

Medium term

r=0.83 (0.001)

¹⁵N-DHA

Hair

CF-IRMS

Medium term

r=0.84 (<0.001)

Olive Oil

Micro-Casas et al. (2002)

Tyrosol (7 adults)

Urine (24 hr)

GC-MS

Short term

Hydroxytyrosol

Urine (24 hr)

GC-MS

Short term

Proteins

Protein

Bingham (2003)

Urine Nitrogen (8 adults)

Urine (24 hr)

Kjeldahl

Short term

R²=0.99ⁱ

Animal Protein

Petzke & Lemke (2009)

¹³C (14 young adult females)

Hair

GC/C/IRMS

Medium term-Long term?

R²=0.44 (0.005)

¹⁵N

Hair

GC/C/IRMS

Medium term- Long term?

R²=0.17^h (0.069)

Cross et al. (2011)

Creatinine (17 male adults)

Urine (24 hr)

Kinetic assay

Short term

P_trend(<0.0001)

+?

Taurine

Urine (24 hr)

IEC

Short term?

P_trend(<0.0001)

+?

1-methylhistidine

Urine (24 hr)

IEC

Short term?

P_trend(<0.0001)

+

3-methylhistidine

Urine (24 hr)

IEC

Short term

P_trend(<0.0001)

+