100% Orange juice consumption is associated with better diet quality, improved nutrient adequacy, decreased risk for obesity, and improved biomarkers of health in adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2006

Table 5 Physiological measures among consumers and non-consumers of orange juice

	Consumers		Non-consumers
Variable	n	LSM ± SE	n	LSM ± SE	p-Value
Body Weight^* (kg)	2130	81.3 ± 0.20	6150	81.4 ± 0.12	0.5072
BMI^* (kg/m²)	2130	27.6 ± 0.18	6150	28.5 ± 0.11	<0.0001
Waist Circumference^* (cm)	2069	97.1 ± 0.17	6005	97.3 ± 0.10	0.4381
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)^**	1801	124.0 ± 0.53	5296	123.8 ± 0.30	0.7604
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)^**	1801	70.8 ± 0.42	5296	71.3 ± 0.23	0.2976
Serum Vitamin C (mg/dL)^**	2022	1.1 ± 0.01	5813	0.91 ± 0.01	<0.0001
C-Reactive Protein^** (mg/dL)	2041	0.43 ± 0.03	5874	0.41 ± 0.01	0.5922
Total Cholesterol^** (mg/dL)	2034	197.6 ± 1.2	5857	200.8 ± 0.75	0.0220
HDL-Cholesterol^** (mg/dL)	2033	53.7 ± 0.45	5857	53.8 ± 0.24	0.8230
Triglycerides^** (mg/dL)	954	141.6 ± 3.6	2833	147.4 ± 3.3	0.2246
LDL-Cholesterol^** (mg/dL)	939	112.5 ± 1.4	2746	116.7 ± 0.93	0.0110
Plasma Glucose^** (mg/dL)	960	103.0 ± 1.4	2856	102.4 ± 0.62	0.6853
Insulin^** (uU/mL)	951	11.6 ± 0.38	2823	11.3 ± 0.25	0.4441
RBC Folate^** (ng/mL RBC)	2044	309.3 ± 3.6	5872	285.3 ± 2.0	<0.0001
Serum Folate^** (ng/mL)	2037	14.8 ± 0.24	5849	13.7 ± 0.25	0.0013
Homocysteine^** (umol/L)	1988	8.7 ± 0.08	5729	8.9 ± 0.06	0.0853

^*Adjusted for energy (kcal), age, gender, ethnicity, poverty income ratio, and physical activity.
^**Adjusted for energy (kcal), age, gender, ethnicity, poverty income ratio, BMI, and physical activity.
Abbreviations: LSM = least square mean; SE = standard error; BMI = body mass index; HDL-C = high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; RBC = red blood cell.

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