High beverage sugar as well as high animal protein intake at infancy may increase overweight risk at 8 years: a prospective longitudinal pilot study

Table 2 Food, energy and nutrient intake of infants who became overweight or not at 8 years

	Not overweight		Overweight		Difference: overweight vs not overweight
	n = 100		n = 20
	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	95% CI		P
Formula, g	487	325	318	325	-169	-327	-12	0.04
Mothers milk¹, g	85	195	122	243	37	-62	135	0.46
Drinks², g	73	92	162	165	89	11	169	0.03
Milk and milk products², g	117	213	181	246	64	-42	170	0.23
Meat, meat products and fowl², g	10.9	16.2	14.5	20.8	3.6	-4.6	11.9	0.39
Energy, kcal	836	202	859	175	23	-73	119	0.64
Energy, kcal/kg	99	18	96	17	-3	-12	5	0.38
Protein, g	26.4	12.4	29.9	12.5	3.5	-2.5	9.5	0.25
Protein, g/kg	3.0	1.1	3.2	1.0	0.2	-0.3	0.7	0.46
Protein, animal³, g	19.3	8.7	21.7	9.0	2.4	-1.8	6.6	0.26
Protein, animal, en%	9.0	2.8	9.9	3.0	0.9	-0.4	2.3	0.19
Protein, from formula only, g	8.4	5.5	5.6	5.6	-2.8	-5.5	-0.1	0.04
Protein, from formula only, en%	4.2	3.0	2.8	3.0	-1.4	-2.9	0.1	0.06
Protein, animal, complementary foods, g	11.0	11.7	15.8	12.8	4.8	-0.9	10.6	0.10
Protein, animal, complementary foods⁴, en%	4.6	4.7	6.9	5.2	2.3	0.0	4.6	0.05
Fat, g	30.4	6.5	30.6	8.6	0.2	-3.2	3.5	0.93
Fat, en%	33.8	7.4	32.6	8.4	-1.2	-4.9	2.4	0.50
Carbohydrate, g	114	33	116	27	2	-14	17	0.82
Carbohydrate, en%	54.1	5.2	53.8	6.5	-0.3	-2.9	2.4	0.86
Sugar, g	74.0	18.2	77.4	18.5	3.4	-5.4	12.2	0.45
Sugar, en%	36.1	7.8	36.3	7.0	0.2	-3.5	3.9	0.91
Beverage sugar⁵, g	10.6	13.9	19.7	20.2	9.1	-0.7	18.9	0.07
Beverage sugar, en%	4.5	5.6	8.8	8.5	4.3	0.2	8.4	0.04

¹ Mothers milk in gram is assessed by frequency and duration of breastfeeding, not weighing.
² These food groups are predefined by the Dutch Food Composition Table.
3 Protein not from animal sources is predefined by the Dutch Food Composition Table, protein from animal sources is derived by difference between protein and protein not from animal sources.
⁴ Complementary foods with protein from animal sources are a sum of 6 predefined food groups from the Dutch Food Composition Table: milk and milk products, cheese, eggs, meat/meat products and fowl, fish, and precomposed foods (like meals in a jar; this last group may also contain some protein not from animal sources).
⁵ For Drinks, Beverage sugar in gram and Beverage sugar in en% were equal variances not assumed, resulting in a non significant differene for Beverage sugar in gram.

ISSN: 1475-2891