|
Age (y)
|
47.5 ± 11.2
|
45.3 ± 11.5
|
45.9 ± 11.4
|
49.0 ± 10.9
|
48.5 ± 10.1
|
<0.001
|
|
Gender
| | | | | | |
|
Male
|
1348 (44.9)
|
327 (36.7)
|
159 (44.4)
|
689 (45.7)
|
173 (71.5)
| |
|
Female
|
1652 (55.1)
|
564 (63.3)
|
199 (55.6)
|
820 (54.3)
|
69 (28.5)
|
<0.001
|
|
Ethnicity
| | | | | | |
|
Chinese
|
2058 (68.6)
|
575 (64.5)
|
254 (70.9)
|
1063 (70.4)
|
166 (68.6)
| |
|
Malay
|
531 (17.7)
|
183 (20.5)
|
62 (17.3)
|
243 (16.1)
|
43 (17.8)
| |
|
Indian
|
411 (13.7)
|
133 (14.9)
|
42 (11.7)
|
203 (13.5)
|
33 (13.6)
|
0.074
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
23.6 ± 4.3
|
23.4 ± 4.3
|
23.4 ± 4.6
|
23.7 ± 4.4
|
23.9 ± 3.9
|
0.159
|
|
Education
| | | | | | |
|
Primary school and below
|
705 (23.5)
|
163 (18.3)
|
75 (20.9)
|
395 (26.2)
|
72 (29.8)
| |
|
Secondary school
|
1295 (43.2)
|
378 (42.4)
|
131 (36.6)
|
681 (45.1)
|
105 (43.4)
| |
|
Polytechnic and diploma
|
518 (17.3)
|
189 (21.2)
|
67 (18.7)
|
225 (14.9)
|
37 (15.3)
| |
|
University
|
482 (16.1)
|
161 (18.1)
|
85 (23.7)
|
208 (13.8)
|
28 (11.6)
|
<0.001
|
|
Physical Activity (kcal/week)
|
523.1 (268.9-952.7)
|
522.3 (251.5-987.2)
|
481.0 (268.0-826.4)
|
530.8 (277.0-937.2)
|
550.5 (273.3-1108.2)
|
0.141
|
|
Energy intake (kcal)
|
1829.8 (1443.9-2336.6)
|
1788.1 (1386.2-2278.7)
|
1763.8 (1387.4-2324.7)
|
1824.6 (1465.2-2304.1)
|
2132.6 (1666.6-2647.2)
|
<0.001
|
|
Fiber intake (g/1000 kcal)
|
10.5 (9.1-12.3)
|
10.9 (9.3-12.8)
|
10.6 (9.3-12.4)
|
10.5 (9.1-12.2)
|
9.1 (7.9-10.8)
|
<0.001
|
|
Cholesterol intake (mg/1000 kcal)
|
115.4 (90.2-141.7)
|
115.2 (88.8-142.7)
|
110.9 (88.1-140.6)
|
116.2 (91.0-140.3)
|
119.6 (93.0-149.3)
|
0.171
|
|
PUFA intake (% of energy)
|
5.3 (4.2-7.2)
|
5.5 (4.2-7.6)
|
5.3 (4.2-7.1)
|
5.3 (4.2-7.2)
|
4.8 (3.9-6.4)
|
0.001
|
|
MUFA intake (% of energy)
|
9.7 ± 2.6
|
9.8 ± 2.7
|
9.8 ± 2.5
|
9.6 ± 2.6
|
9.5 ± 2.5
|
0.001
|
|
SFA intake (% of energy)
|
11.1 ± 2.8
|
11.1 ± 3.0
|
10.9 ± 2.6
|
11.1 ± 2.8
|
11.6 ± 2.8
|
<0.001
|
|
Cigarette Smoking
| | | | | | |
|
Never smoker
|
2393 (79.8)
|
782 (87.8)
|
298 (83.2)
|
1184 (78.5)
|
129 (53.3)
| |
|
Past smoker
|
240 (8.0)
|
47 (5.3)
|
24 (6.7)
|
139 (9.2)
|
30 (12.4)
| |
|
Current (<10 cigarettes/day)
|
115 (3.8)
|
26 (2.9)
|
15 (4.2)
|
62 (4.1)
|
12 (5.0)
| |
|
Current (≥10 cigarettes/day)
|
252 (8.4)
|
36 (4.0)
|
21 (5.9)
|
124 (8.2)
|
71 (29.3)
|
<0.001
|
|
Alcohol Consumption
| | | | | | |
|
non-drinker
|
2457 (81.9)
|
755 (84.7)
|
289 (80.7)
|
1227 (81.3)
|
186 (76.9)
| |
|
<1 serving/day
|
479 (16.0)
|
128 (14.4)
|
62 (17.3)
|
241 (16)
|
48 (19.8)
| |
|
≥1 serving/day
|
64 (2.1)
|
8 (0.9)
|
7 (2.0)
|
41 (2.7)
|
8 (3.3)
|
0.012
|
