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Table 3 Characteristics of the Singapore Prospective Study (SP2) (N = 3000) by coffee consumption categories.

From: Cholesterol-raising diterpenes in types of coffee commonly consumed in Singapore, Indonesia and India and associations with blood lipids: A survey and cross sectional study

Characteristic

Total

Never or <1 cup/week

<1cup/week to <1 cup/day

1-2 cups/day

≥3 cups/day

P value

  

n = 891

n = 358

n = 1509

n = 242

 

Age (y)

47.5 ± 11.2

45.3 ± 11.5

45.9 ± 11.4

49.0 ± 10.9

48.5 ± 10.1

<0.001

Gender

      

   Male

1348 (44.9)

327 (36.7)

159 (44.4)

689 (45.7)

173 (71.5)

 

   Female

1652 (55.1)

564 (63.3)

199 (55.6)

820 (54.3)

69 (28.5)

<0.001

Ethnicity

      

   Chinese

2058 (68.6)

575 (64.5)

254 (70.9)

1063 (70.4)

166 (68.6)

 

   Malay

531 (17.7)

183 (20.5)

62 (17.3)

243 (16.1)

43 (17.8)

 

   Indian

411 (13.7)

133 (14.9)

42 (11.7)

203 (13.5)

33 (13.6)

0.074

BMI (kg/m2)

23.6 ± 4.3

23.4 ± 4.3

23.4 ± 4.6

23.7 ± 4.4

23.9 ± 3.9

0.159

Education

      

   Primary school and below

705 (23.5)

163 (18.3)

75 (20.9)

395 (26.2)

72 (29.8)

 

   Secondary school

1295 (43.2)

378 (42.4)

131 (36.6)

681 (45.1)

105 (43.4)

 

   Polytechnic and diploma

518 (17.3)

189 (21.2)

67 (18.7)

225 (14.9)

37 (15.3)

 

   University

482 (16.1)

161 (18.1)

85 (23.7)

208 (13.8)

28 (11.6)

<0.001

Physical Activity (kcal/week)

523.1 (268.9-952.7)

522.3 (251.5-987.2)

481.0 (268.0-826.4)

530.8 (277.0-937.2)

550.5 (273.3-1108.2)

0.141

Energy intake (kcal)

1829.8 (1443.9-2336.6)

1788.1 (1386.2-2278.7)

1763.8 (1387.4-2324.7)

1824.6 (1465.2-2304.1)

2132.6 (1666.6-2647.2)

<0.001

Fiber intake (g/1000 kcal)

10.5 (9.1-12.3)

10.9 (9.3-12.8)

10.6 (9.3-12.4)

10.5 (9.1-12.2)

9.1 (7.9-10.8)

<0.001

Cholesterol intake (mg/1000 kcal)

115.4 (90.2-141.7)

115.2 (88.8-142.7)

110.9 (88.1-140.6)

116.2 (91.0-140.3)

119.6 (93.0-149.3)

0.171

PUFA intake (% of energy)

5.3 (4.2-7.2)

5.5 (4.2-7.6)

5.3 (4.2-7.1)

5.3 (4.2-7.2)

4.8 (3.9-6.4)

0.001

MUFA intake (% of energy)

9.7 ± 2.6

9.8 ± 2.7

9.8 ± 2.5

9.6 ± 2.6

9.5 ± 2.5

0.001

SFA intake (% of energy)

11.1 ± 2.8

11.1 ± 3.0

10.9 ± 2.6

11.1 ± 2.8

11.6 ± 2.8

<0.001

Cigarette Smoking

      

   Never smoker

2393 (79.8)

782 (87.8)

298 (83.2)

1184 (78.5)

129 (53.3)

 

   Past smoker

240 (8.0)

47 (5.3)

24 (6.7)

139 (9.2)

30 (12.4)

 

   Current (<10 cigarettes/day)

115 (3.8)

26 (2.9)

15 (4.2)

62 (4.1)

12 (5.0)

 

   Current (≥10 cigarettes/day)

252 (8.4)

36 (4.0)

21 (5.9)

124 (8.2)

71 (29.3)

<0.001

Alcohol Consumption

      

   non-drinker

2457 (81.9)

755 (84.7)

289 (80.7)

1227 (81.3)

186 (76.9)

 

   <1 serving/day

479 (16.0)

128 (14.4)

62 (17.3)

241 (16)

48 (19.8)

 

   ≥1 serving/day

64 (2.1)

8 (0.9)

7 (2.0)

41 (2.7)

8 (3.3)

0.012

  1. Abbreviations: PUFA - polyunsaturated fatty acids, MUFA - monounsaturated fatty acids, SAF - saturated fatty acids
  2. Values are mean ± SD for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables.
  3. The Kruskal-Wallis test (for non-normally distributed continuous variables), analysis of covariance (for normally distributed continuous variables) or the chi-squared test (for categorical variables) was used to compare participant characteristics across coffee consumption categories.
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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