Current study (Asia)
| | | | | |
Singapore overall (n = 14)
|
filtered ('sock')
|
0.09 ± 0.064 (0.02 - 0.23)
|
0.01 ± 0.02 (0.01 - 0.06)
|
0.01
|
<0.01
|
Singapore Chinese (n = 7)
|
filtered ('sock')
|
0.13 ± 0.07 (0.04 - 0.23)
|
0.02 ± 0.02 (0.00 - 0.06)
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
Singapore Malay (n = 4)
|
filtered ('sock')
|
0.06 ± 0.05 (0.02 - 0.13)
|
0.005 ± 0.01 (0.00 - 0.02)
|
0.01
|
<0.01
|
Singapore Indian (n = 3)
|
filtered ('sock') only
|
0.04 ± 0.02 (0.03 - 0.07)
|
0.003 ± 0.005 (0.00 - 0.01)
|
<0.01
|
<0.01
|
India (n = 5)
|
filtered (metal)
|
0.05 ± 0.04 (0.01 - 0.12)
|
0.03 ± 0.03 (0.01 - 0.07)
|
<0.01
|
<0.01
|
Indonesia (overall) (n = 4 )
|
filtered ('sock', metal); unfiltered
|
1.78 ± 1.78 (0.56 - 4.43)
|
0.24 ± 0.24 (0.09 - 0.59)
|
0.13
|
0.08
|
Indonesia (n = 2)
|
filtered ('sock')
|
0.85 ± 0.42 (0.56 - 1.15)
|
0.15 ± 0.08 (0.09 - 0.20)
|
0.06
|
0.04
|
Indonesia (n = 1)
|
filtered (metal)
|
0.98
|
0.09
|
0.07
|
0.04
|
Indonesia (n = 1)
|
unfiltered
|
4.43
|
0.59
|
0.33
|
0.20
|
Urgert et al (1995) (Europe)
| | | | | |
Scandinavian boiled (n = 14)*
|
boiled
|
2.4 ± 2.24 (0.64-9.68)
|
3.12 ± 2.72 (0.8-11.68)
|
0.18
|
0.11
|
Turkish/Greek (n = 11)*
| |
3.12 ± 2.56 (0.4-8.0)
|
3.12 ± 3.12 (0.08-8.56)
|
0.23
|
0.14
|
French Press (n = 5)*
|
French press
|
2.8 ± 0.96 (1.84-4.4)
|
3.52 ± 1.68 (2.08-6.4)
|
0.21
|
0.13
|
Espresso:
| | | | | |
Italy (n = 10)*
|
espresso
|
1.2 ± 0.8 (0.16-2.32)
|
1.44 ± 1.04 (0.16-3.12)
|
0.09
|
0.05
|
Other (n = 21)*
|
espresso
|
0.96 ± 0.72 (0.0-2.48)
|
1.12 ± 0.88 (0.0-3.12)
|
0.07
|
0.04
|
Instant*
|
instant
|
0.2 (0.0-0.6)
|
-
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
Drip filtered (n = 3)*
|
filtered (paper)
|
0.08 ± 0.0
|
-
|
0.01
|
<0.01
|
Drip filtered (n = 3)*
|
filtered (nylon)
|
0.64 ± 0.08
|
-
|
0.05
|
0.03
|