Nutrients | Young children (n = 48) | Adolescents (n = 41) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WDR | CFFQ | AFFQ | WDR | CFFQ | AFFQ | |||||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | % difference† | Mean | SD | % difference† | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | % difference† | Mean | SD | % difference† | |
Energy (kcal/day) | 1547 | 330 | 1533 | 438 | -1 | 1757 | 538 | 14** | 2078 | 478 | 1781 | 588 | -14** | 2257 | 643 | 9 |
Protein (g/day) | 58.2 | 14.2 | 57.9 | 20.4 | 0 | 68.5 | 24.3 | 18** | 75.6 | 16.9 | 61.8 | 24.0 | -18** | 80.6 | 24.3 | 7 |
Total fat (g/day) | 52.8 | 13.7 | 51.7 | 19.1 | -2 | 63.0 | 24.8 | 20** | 70.2 | 16.2 | 54.8 | 21.9 | -22** | 74.5 | 24.3 | 6 |
Carbohydrates (g/day) | 205.5 | 49.7 | 204.8 | 51.6 | 0 | 223.3 | 57.2 | 9* | 277.6 | 76.4 | 255.5 | 81.9 | -8ns | 308.5 | 91.4 | 11* |
Sodium (mg/day) | 3004 | 933 | 2509 | 865 | -16** | 3381 | 1316 | 13* | 3893 | 1132 | 2509 | 930 | -36** | 4140 | 1477 | 6 |
Potassium (mg/day) | 1924 | 462 | 1924 | 637 | 0 | 2365 | 862 | 23** | 2348 | 616 | 2129 | 1053 | -9ns | 2897 | 1114 | 23** |
Calcium (mg/day) | 520 | 160 | 546 | 238 | 5 | 615 | 289 | 18* | 540 | 172 | 605 | 479 | 12ns | 702 | 363 | 30** |
Magnesium (mg/day) | 201 | 56 | 192 | 61 | -5 | 236 | 80 | 17** | 238 | 64 | 223 | 98 | -6ns | 293 | 102 | 23** |
Phosphorous (mg/day) | 920 | 225 | 928 | 323 | 1 | 1074 | 392 | 17** | 1093 | 238 | 1021 | 488 | -7ns | 1269 | 421 | 16* |
Iron (mg/day) | 6.3 | 2.8 | 5.4 | 1.8 | -13* | 7.3 | 2.5 | 16* | 7.9 | 2.7 | 6.1 | 2.3 | -23** | 8.8 | 2.9 | 11 |
Zinc (mg/day) | 7.1 | 1.9 | 7.6 | 2.5 | 7 | 8.3 | 2.9 | 17** | 9.6 | 2.5 | 8.2 | 3.0 | -14** | 10.3 | 3.2 | 7 |
Copper (mg/day) | 0.93 | 0.29 | 0.87 | 0.25 | -6 | 1.07 | 0.31 | 15** | 1.16 | 0.30 | 1.05 | 0.36 | -10ns | 1.35 | 0.40 | 16** |
Manganese (mg/day) | 2.27 | 0.94 | 2.34 | 0.68 | 3 | 3.61 | 1.50 | 59** | 3.02 | 1.08 | 2.81 | 0.89 | -7ns | 4.24 | 1.59 | 40** |
Vitamin A (μgRE/day) | 490 | 230 | 466 | 174 | -5 | 560 | 226 | 14* | 602 | 350 | 516 | 280 | -14ns | 675 | 274 | 12 |
Vitamin D (μg/day) | 6.0 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 2.3 | -18** | 6.2 | 2.5 | 3 | 7.5 | 4.5 | 5.8 | 3.8 | -22ns | 7.1 | 2.6 | -5 |
Alpha tocopherol (mg/day)‡ | 5.7 | 1.7 | 4.9 | 1.7 | -15** | 6.9 | 2.5 | 20** | 7.5 | 2.4 | 5.2 | 1.9 | -31** | 8.4 | 2.7 | 11 |
Vitamin K (μg/day)‡ | 179 | 134 | 142 | 61 | -21 | 190 | 83 | 6 | 223 | 94 | 130 | 71 | -42** | 221 | 106 | -1 |
Vitamins B1 (mg/day)‡ | 0.79 | 0.21 | 0.77 | 0.26 | -2 | 0.89 | 0.32 | 13* | 1.00 | 0.31 | 0.84 | 0.35 | -16* | 1.07 | 0.33 | 7 |
Vitamins B2 (mg/day)‡ | 1.04 | 0.29 | 1.08 | 0.41 | 3 | 1.40 | 0.54 | 35** | 1.26 | 0.33 | 1.20 | 0.72 | -5ns | 1.60 | 0.66 | 27** |
Niacin (mg/day)‡ | 11.3 | 3.5 | 11.2 | 4.4 | 0 | 14.3 | 5.4 | 27** | 14.8 | 4.0 | 11.9 | 4.2 | -20** | 17.0 | 5.5 | 15* |
Vitamin B6 (mg/day)‡ | 0.91 | 0.26 | 0.90 | 0.33 | -1 | 1.15 | 0.43 | 26** | 1.20 | 0.35 | 1.00 | 0.40 | -17** | 1.42 | 0.49 | 18* |
Vitamin B12 (μg/day)‡ | 4.3 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 1.9 | 12 | 6.3 | 2.5 | 46** | 6.5 | 4.3 | 5.5 | 2.5 | -15ns | 7.3 | 2.6 | 12 |
Folic acid (μg/day)‡ | 228 | 73 | 215 | 68 | -6 | 330 | 122 | 45** | 284 | 95 | 220 | 81 | -23** | 386 | 142 | 36** |
Pantothenic acid (mg/day)‡ | 5.15 | 1.38 | 5.19 | 1.80 | 1 | 6.05 | 2.17 | 17** | 6.43 | 1.44 | 5.89 | 2.78 | -8ns | 7.38 | 2.46 | 15* |
Vitamins C (mg/day)‡ | 64 | 23 | 60 | 22 | -6 | 99 | 38 | 55** | 90 | 61 | 78 | 40 | -14ns | 132 | 53 | 47** |
Cholesterol (mg/day)‡ | 311 | 112 | 280 | 116 | -10 | 323 | 126 | 4 | 421 | 119 | 300 | 122 | -29** | 403 | 147 | -4 |
Dietary fiber (g/day)‡ | 11.1 | 3.3 | 9.5 | 3.0 | -15** | 11.8 | 4.2 | 7 | 13.6 | 4.5 | 10.3 | 3.9 | -24** | 14.8 | 4.8 | 9 |
Saturated fatty acid (g/day)‡ | 17.00 | 5.00 | 18.36 | 7.20 | 8 | 21.25 | 8.97 | 25** | 22.00 | 6.07 | 19.53 | 9.41 | -11ns | 24.56 | 9.58 | 12 |
Monounsaturated fatty acid (g/day)‡ | 19.05 | 5.28 | 18.05 | 6.93 | -5 | 22.14 | 9.01 | 16* | 26.20 | 6.39 | 19.25 | 7.28 | -27** | 26.45 | 8.52 | 1 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (g/day)‡ | 10.41 | 3.44 | 9.22 | 3.23 | -11* | 12.35 | 4.68 | 19* | 13.66 | 3.63 | 9.58 | 3.45 | -30** | 14.82 | 4.64 | 8 |
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (mg/day)‡ | 1.50 | 0.58 | 1.43 | 0.56 | -4 | 1.98 | 0.76 | 32** | 2.21 | 0.77 | 1.55 | 0.57 | -30** | 2.39 | 0.80 | 8 |
n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (mg/day)‡ | 8.90 | 3.02 | 7.78 | 2.72 | -13* | 10.34 | 3.94 | 16* | 11.42 | 3.09 | 8.01 | 2.91 | -30** | 12.40 | 3.87 | 9 |
Myristic acid (mg/day)‡ | 1339 | 614 | 1616 | 780 | 21** | 1882 | 983 | 41** | 1649 | 667 | 1659 | 1120 | 1ns | 1986 | 1058 | 20* |
Oleic acid (mg/day)‡ | 17609 | 4901 | 16503 | 6302 | -6 | 20310 | 8257 | 15* | 23808 | 5865 | 17614 | 6704 | -26** | 24323 | 7838 | 2 |
Linoleic acid (mg/day)‡ | 8652 | 2986 | 7520 | 2619 | -13* | 10027 | 3814 | 16* | 11080 | 3049 | 7741 | 2820 | -30** | 12027 | 3752 | 9 |
Alpha-linolenic acid (mg/day)‡ | 1082 | 397 | 959 | 342 | -11* | 1403 | 563 | 30** | 1509 | 510 | 1008 | 400 | -33** | 1717 | 585 | 14 |
Arachidonic acid (mg/day)‡ | 136 | 46 | 136 | 56 | 0 | 158 | 62 | 16* | 193 | 49 | 144 | 55 | -25** | 191 | 67 | -1 |
Icosapentaenoic acid (mg/day)‡ | 112 | 125 | 138 | 90 | 23 | 167 | 76 | 49** | 179 | 147 | 154 | 69 | -14ns | 189 | 81 | 5 |
Docosahexaenoic acid (mg/day)‡ | 227 | 195 | 243 | 151 | 7 | 301 | 135 | 33** | 376 | 266 | 284 | 126 | -25* | 361 | 143 | -4 |