From: The "Snacking Child" and its social network: some insights from an italian survey
 | N | Snacker | No snacker | Overall | p-value 1 | BMI | p-value 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | 608 | 607 | 1215 |  | (Snackers only) |  |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | p = ns | Â | p = 0.214 |
   Male |  | 344 (56.6) | 331 (54.5) | 675 (55.6) |  | 17.8 [15.9; 20.0] |  |
   Female |  | 264 (43.4) | 276 (45.5) | 540 (44.4) |  | 17.1 [14.9; 20.4] |  |
Age (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | p < 0.001 | Â | p < 0.001 |
   6 |  | 128 (21.1) | 121 (19.9) | 249 (20.5) |  | 16.5 [14.9; 19.0] |  |
   7 |  | 120 (19.7) | 102 (16.8) | 222 (18.3) |  | 18.0 [16.0; 20.0] |  |
   8 |  | 167 (27.5) | 114 (18.8) | 281 (23.1) |  | 15.9 [14.6; 20.7] |  |
   9 |  | 102 (16.8) | 135 (22.2) | 237 (19.5) |  | 17.1 [16.2; 20.4] |  |
   10 |  | 91 (15.0) | 135 (22.2) | 226 (18.6) |  | 17.8 [17.4; 19.8] |  |
BMI | 1082 | 17 [15; 20] | 18 [15; 20] | 18 [15; 20] | p = 0.120 | Â | p < 0.001 |
   Underweight/normal |  | 326 (60.3) | 325 (60.1) | 651 (60.2) |  | 15.9 [14.6; 16.8] |  |
   At risk of overweight |  | 91 (16.8) | 101 (18.7) | 192 (17.7) |  | 18.3 [18.1; 20.4] |  |
   Overweight |  | 124 (22.9) | 115 (21.3) | 239 (22.1) |  | 21.9 [20.7; 23.4] |  |
Interest of the child for the snack | 1145 | Â | Â | Â | p = ns | Â | p < 0.001 |
   Focused on the product |  | 208 (35.9) | 173 (30.6) | 381 (33.3) |  | 18.3 [16.5; 20.4] |  |
   Focused on the gadget accompanying the snack |  | 372 (64.1) | 392 (69.4) | 764 (66.7) |  | 16.6 [14.9; 19.0] |  |
Age of the mother at time of child birth | 1187 | 30 [27; 33] | 31 [28; 34] | 30 [28; 33] | p < 0.001 | 17.4 [15.3; 20.0] | Â |
Time of sleeping of the child per day | 1187 | Â | Â | Â | p = 0.002 | Â | p < 0.001 |
   At most 8 hours |  | 210 (36.0) | 168 (27.8) | 378 (31.8) |  | 18.0 [16.0; 20.7] |  |
   More than 8 hours |  | 373 (64.0) | 436 (72.2) | 809 (68.2) |  | 16.7 [15.2; 19.4] |  |
Time when the child wakes up | 1186 | Â | Â | Â | p = ns | Â | p < 0.001 |
   7.30 AM or earlier |  | 369 (63.3) | 402 (66.7) | 771 (65.0) |  | 17.1 [14.9; 19.2] |  |
   Between 7.30 AM and 8.30 AM |  | 101 (17.3) | 105 (17.4) | 206 (17.4) |  | 18.1 [16.7; 21.0] |  |
   After 8.30 AM |  | 113 (19.4) | 96 (15.9) | 209 (17.6) |  | 17.1 [16.0; 20.6] |  |
Number of meals per day of the child | 1188 | Â | Â | Â | p < 0.001 | Â | p < 0.001 |
   At most three |  | 69 (11.8) | 132 (21.8) | 201 (16.9) |  | 16.9 [14.5; 17.9] |  |
   Four |  | 334 (57.3) | 334 (55.2) | 668 (56.2) |  | 16.8 [15.3; 20.0] |  |
   Five or more |  | 180 (30.9) | 139 (23.0) | 319 (26.9) |  | 18.3 [16.0; 20.4] |  |
Place of meals | 1209 | Â | Â | Â | p = 0.088 | Â | p = 0.010 |
   At home |  | 538 (89.2) | 558 (92.1) | 1096 (90.7) |  | 17.6 [15.3; 20.0] |  |
   Outside home |  | 65 (10.8) | 48 (7.9) | 113 (9.3) |  | 16.5 [14.9; 17.8] |  |
The place of meals is changing during the week | 1208 | Â | Â | Â | p = ns | Â | p = 0.065 |
   Yes |  | 217 (36.0) | 205 (33.9) | 422 (34.9) |  | 17.3 [14.9; 20.0] |  |
   No |  | 386 (64.0) | 400 (66.1) | 786 (65.1) |  | 17.6 [15.4; 20.4] |  |
Number of different sport activities per week | 1190 | Â | Â | Â | p = ns | Â | p = 0.008 |
   None |  | 175 (29.5) | 176 (29.5) | 351 (29.5) |  | 17.6 [16.0; 20.4] |  |
   One sport |  | 312 (52.6) | 318 (53.3) | 630 (52.9) |  | 17.6 [15.2; 20.0] |  |
   Two |  | 82 (13.8) | 85 (14.2) | 167 (14.0) |  | 17.1 [14.9; 20.4] |  |
   Three or more |  | 24 (4.0) | 18 (3.0) | 42 (3.5) |  | 16.0 [14.3; 17.5] |  |
Time (hours) of sport activities per week | 1190 | Â | Â | Â | p = ns | Â | p = 0.133 |
   None |  | 175 (29.5) | 176 (29.5) | 351 (29.5) |  | 17.6 [16.0; 20.4] |  |
   Between one and three hours |  | 252 (42.5) | 246 (41.2) | 498 (41.8) |  | 17.8 [14.8; 20.4] |  |
   More than three hours |  | 166 (28.0) | 175 (29.3) | 341 (28.7) |  | 17.4 [15.3; 19.2] |  |
Hours per day watching TV or playing videogames | 1115 | Â | Â | Â | p < 0.001 | Â | p < 0.001 |
   At most one hour |  | 144 (26.4) | 233 (40.9) | 377 (33.8) |  | 17.4 [14.5; 18.0] |  |
   Between one and two hours |  | 224 (41.1) | 215 (37.7) | 439 (39.4) |  | 17.1 [15.3; 20.2] |  |
   More than two hours |  | 177 (32.5) | 122 (21.4) | 299 (26.8) |  | 17.8 [15.9; 20.4] |  |
Hours of studying outside school time | 1041 | Â | Â | Â | p = 0.113 | Â | p = 0.006 |
   At most three hours |  | 116 (23.2) | 131 (24.2) | 247 (23.7) |  | 16.8 [14.5; 20.7] |  |
   Between three and seven hours |  | 179 (35.8) | 221 (40.9) | 400 (38.4) |  | 17.4 [15.3; 19.0] |  |
   More than seven hours |  | 205 (41.0) | 189 (34.9) | 394 (37.8) |  | 18.1 [16.0; 20.4] |  |
What is your perception on the weight of your child | 1204 | Â | Â | Â | p = ns | Â | p < 0.001 |
   He/she is underweight |  | 69 (13.9) | 60 (11.7) | 129 (12.8) |  | 14.5 [13.8; 15.3] |  |
   He/she is normal |  | 428 (86.1) | 454 (88.3) | 882 (87.2) |  | 16.8 [15.3; 19.0] |  |
   He/she is overweight |  | 101 (16.9) | 92 (15.2) | 193 (16.0) |  | 20.6 [18.1; 22.8] |  |
How much, in Kg | 298 | 4 [3; 5] | 3 [2; 5] | 3 [2; 5] | p < 0.001 | 18.1 [14.6; 21.4] | Â |
How much (in case of overweight), in Kg | 182 | 5 [3; 10] | 3 [2; 6] | 4 [2; 7] | p < 0.001 | 20.6 [18.1; 22.8] | Â |
Number of close friends aged 6-10 yrs | 1135 | Â | Â | Â | p = 0.188 | Â | p = 0.001 |
   None |  | 39 (6.9) | 56 (9.8) | 95 (8.4) |  | 18.9 [14.3; 22.8] |  |
   Between one and three |  | 100 (17.7) | 93 (16.3) | 193 (17.0) |  | 17.8 [16.7; 20.8] |  |
   More than three |  | 427 (75.4) | 420 (73.8) | 847 (74.6) |  | 17.6 [15.3; 19.2] |  |